The Historical Logic of “Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle” and Its Contemporary Value

I. Introduction

一、引言

Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “All comrades in the Party must remain true to our original aspiration and founding mission, must remain modest, prudent, and hard-working, and must dare to struggle and be skilled in struggle.” [1]1 The “second centenary goal” refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, following the completion of the first centenary goal (building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2021). As one of the three important principles that the Communist Party of China must uphold on the new journey of the New Era, “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle” is not only an important historical experience of the Party’s century-long struggle, but also a principle that must be followed in comprehensively building a modern socialist country. Relying on “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle,” the Communist Party of China, amid severe and complex struggle situations, won victory in the Chinese revolution, safeguarded national security and regime stability, upheld national dignity and core interests, accumulated practical experience in opening up new horizons for the cause through tenacious struggle, and formed a consistent historical logic. On the new journey of the New Era, the Communist Party of China will inevitably face even more arduous and complex struggle situations; struggle remains one of the important themes for the present and the future. Studying and analyzing the historical logic of the Party’s “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle” helps to summarize and generalize the Party’s laws of struggle from an experiential perspective and clarify the contemporary value of “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle.” This has important theoretical value and practical significance for comprehensively building a modern socialist country and realizing the second centenary goal.

习近平在党的二十大报告中指出：“全党同志务必不忘初心、牢记使命，务必谦虚谨慎、艰苦奋斗，务必敢于斗争、善于斗争”。[1]作为新时代新征程中国共产党务必坚持的三个重要原则之一，“敢于斗争、善于斗争”不仅是党百年奋斗的重要历史经验，也是全面建设社会主义现代化国家必须要遵循的重要原则。依靠“敢于斗争、善于斗争”，中国共产党在严峻复杂的斗争形势中，赢得了中国革命的胜利，捍卫了国家安全和政权稳固，维护了国家尊严和核心利益，积累了依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地的实践经验，形成了一以贯之的历史逻辑。在新时代新征程中，中国共产党必将面临着更加艰巨复杂的斗争形势，斗争依然是当前和今后的重要主题之一。研究和分析党“敢于斗争、善于斗争”的历史逻辑，有助于从经验视角概括总结党的斗争规律，明晰“敢于斗争、善于斗争”的当代价值，这对于全面建设社会主义国家、实现第二个百年奋斗目标具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。

II. Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle Is the Historical Experience of the Communist Party of China’s Century-Long Struggle

二、敢于斗争、善于斗争是中国共产党百年奋斗的历史经验

The Communist Party of China grew and strengthened itself in struggle; the spirit of struggle runs through all historical periods of China’s revolution, construction, and reform. Mao Zedong pointed out that if one studies the historical development of the Communist Party of China without analyzing it from the perspective of the Party’s ideological struggle and political struggle, it is probably impossible to reach a conclusion. [2]2 The “three worlds” theory, articulated by Mao Zedong in 1974, divided the world into the superpowers (the US and the Soviet Union), the developed countries, and the developing countries, with China aligning with the third world against hegemony. From the period of the New Democratic Revolution to the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Communist Party of China has always adhered to “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle,” unifying will and rallying strength through unremitting struggle, overcoming challenges from various quarters in different historical periods with a tenacious spirit of struggle, resolving severe and complex contradictions at various historical stages with superb art of struggle, and forming the historical experience of continuously winning great victories by relying on “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle.”

中国共产党是在斗争中成长和壮大起来的，斗争精神贯穿于中国革命、建设、改革的各个历史时期。毛泽东指出，研究中国共产党的历史发展，如果不从党的思想斗争和政治斗争来分析，恐怕是不能得出结果的。[2]从新民主主义革命时期到中国特色社会主义新时代，中国共产党始终坚持“敢于斗争、善于斗争”，通过坚持不懈的斗争统一意志、凝聚力量，以顽强的斗争精神克服不同历史时期来自各个方面的挑战，以高超的斗争艺术化解了各个历史阶段严峻复杂的矛盾，形成了依靠“敢于斗争、善于斗争”不断夺取伟大胜利的历史经验。

(A) Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle Won the Victory of the Chinese Revolution

(一)敢于斗争、善于斗争赢得中国革命的胜利

In modern times, under the aggression of Western imperialist powers, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Facing national crisis, the Chinese people waged unyielding struggles, but ultimately failed due to the lack of leadership by an advanced class party and guidance by correct theory. In the process of integrating Marxism with the Chinese workers’ movement, the Communist Party of China emerged as the times required. From the day of its founding, the Party became an important force leading the Chinese people in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. The Party grew and strengthened in struggle, daring both to “despise the enemy strategically” and being skilled at “taking the enemy seriously tactically,” relying on “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle” to achieve the great victory of the New Democratic Revolution.

近代以来，在西方帝国主义列强的侵略下，中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建社会。面对民族危机，中国人民进行了不屈不挠的抗争，但因为没有先进阶级政党的领导和正确理论的指导而最终失败。在马克思主义与中国工人运动相结合的过程中，中国共产党应运而生。党从诞生之日起就成为领导中国人民进行反帝反封建斗争的重要力量。党在斗争中发展壮大，既敢于“在战略上藐视敌人”，还善于“在战术上重视敌人”，依靠“敢于斗争，善于斗争”取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利。

Facing a revolutionary situation where the enemy was strong and we were weak, the Party displayed the heroic spirit of daring to struggle, daring to overwhelm all enemies. Although the balance of forces between the enemy and ourselves was vastly disparate, Mao Zedong always believed: “Superiority or inferiority in war strength is itself the objective basis for taking the initiative or being passive, but it is not yet the actual state of initiative or passivity; it is only through struggle, through the contest of subjective capabilities, that the actual state of initiative or passivity emerges.” [3]3 “Beating gongs and drums” (敲锣打鼓) is a Chinese idiom referring to a festive or effortless undertaking; here it is used metaphorically to indicate that the goal cannot be achieved without strenuous effort. As long as one persists in daring to struggle, it is possible to turn inferiority into superiority and defeat any powerful enemy. “The Chinese nation has the spirit of fighting to the death with its enemies” [4]4 The “great project” (伟大工程) is a standard Party term for the project of Party building, first used by Mao Zedong in 1939 and; the Party and the people have never feared any power or oppression, nor any threat or challenge, always carrying the revolution through to the end with immense courage to struggle, fighting to the end for the interests of the nation and the people. Practice has proven that daring to struggle is a powerful spiritual driving force for the victory of the Chinese revolution.

面对敌强我弱的革命形势，党以敢于斗争的英雄气概，敢于压倒一切敌人。尽管敌我力量对比悬殊，毛泽东却始终认为：“战争力量的优劣本身，固然是决定主动或被动的客观基础，但还不是主动或被动的现实事物，必待经过斗争，经过主观能力的竞赛，方才出现事实上的主动或被动。”[3]只要坚持敢于斗争，就能够化劣势为优势，可以战胜任何强大的敌人。“中华民族有同自己的敌人血战到底的气概”[4]，党和人民从不畏任何强权压迫，不惧任何威胁挑战，始终以巨大的斗争勇气将革命进行到底，为民族和人民的利益战斗到底。实践证明，敢于斗争是中国革命取得胜利的强大精神动力。

Facing complex, acute, and intense social contradictions, the Communist Party of China won the victory of the Chinese revolution with the wisdom and strategy of being skilled in struggle. “The accomplishment of the great revolutionary task is not simple or easy; it depends entirely on the correctness and resoluteness of the proletarian party’s struggle strategy.” [5]5 The First Centenary Goal refers to the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC’s founding in 2021. The Party continuously summed up experience and matured in struggle; amid repeated, bloody revolutionary struggles, the Party gradually formed the wisdom and strategy of being skilled in struggle. For example, in order to establish the Anti-Japanese National United Front, the Party actively adjusted its struggle strategy against the diehard forces of the Kuomintang, adopting the policy of “both unity and struggle.” Mao Zedong called this art of struggle “justifiable, advantageous, and restrained,” specifically meaning “to fight them from a position of self-defense, which makes us justifiable; the struggle is partial, and we fight only when it is advantageous to us; but such struggle is also temporary, and for the sake of unity we are restrained. Conversely, self-defensive, partial, and temporary struggle should be conducive to unity.” [6]6 The “two centenary goals” refer to the goals of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (2021) and building China into a great modern socialist country by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (2049). By flexibly applying various struggle strategies, the Party correctly handled the relationship between national contradictions and class struggle in a complex war environment, which played an important role in consolidating and developing the united front.

面对错综复杂、尖锐激烈的各种社会矛盾，中国共产党以善于斗争的智慧和策略赢得了中国革命的胜利。“伟大的革命任务的完成不是简单容易的，它全靠无产阶级政党的斗争策略的正确和坚决。”[5]党是在斗争中不断总结经验并成熟起来的，在反反复复、流血牺牲的革命斗争中，党逐渐形成了善于斗争的智慧和策略。比如，为了建立抗日民族统一战线，党积极调整反对国民党顽固派的斗争策略，采取“又团结又斗争”的方针。毛泽东将这种斗争艺术称之为“有理、有利、有节”，具体就是“在自卫的立场上和它斗，我们是有理的；这斗争是局部的，对我们有利才斗；但这种斗争又是暂时的，为了团结我们是有节制的。反过来讲，自卫的、局部的、暂时的斗争，要有利于团结”[6]。通过灵活运用各种斗争策略，党在复杂的战争环境中正确地处理了民族矛盾与阶级斗争之间的关系，这对巩固与发展统一战线起到了重要作用。

(B) Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle Assisted Socialist Revolution and Construction

(二)敢于斗争、善于斗争助力社会主义革命和建设

Completing the New Democratic Revolution and founding the People’s Republic of China was a great victory won by the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people. The Party did not abandon struggle because of its achievements; instead, it deeply recognized that at this time, foreign imperialist forces were still constantly provoking along China’s periphery, the external environment of New China was still not peaceful, and remnant Kuomintang forces, secret agents, and bandits within the country were still carrying out open or covert sabotage. Facing the complex struggle situation in the early days of the founding of New China, Mao Zedong pointed out: “This struggle is very intense, unprecedented in history.” [7]7 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan is the overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, covering economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization construction. After the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China continued to adhere to daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle, resolutely safeguarding national security and regime stability, achieving one victory after another, and creating a peaceful and stable environment for the development of the cause of socialist revolution and construction.

完成新民主主义革命、成立中华人民共和国是中国共产党领导中国人民取得的伟大胜利。党并没有因功成业就而放弃斗争，而是深刻认识到，此时国外的帝国主义势力仍在中国周边不断挑衅，新中国的外部环境仍不和平，国内的国民党残余势力、特务、土匪仍在不断进行着公开或隐藏的破坏行动。面对新中国成立之初复杂的斗争形势，毛泽东指出：“这场斗争是很激烈的，是历史上没有过的。”[7]新中国成立后，中国共产党继续坚持敢于斗争、善于斗争，坚决捍卫了国家安全和政权稳定，取得了一个又一个的胜利，为社会主义革命和建设事业的发展创造了和平稳定的环境。

Relying on “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle,” the Communist Party of China led the people in building a long-term peaceful external security environment for socialist revolution and construction. In 1950, the Korean War broke out. Facing the provocation and aggression of US imperialism, Mao Zedong resolutely stated: “Our China is not yet well built; we hope for peace. But if imperialism insists on fighting, we will have to steel our hearts and fight first, then build.” [8]8 The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy is a strategic layout for comprehensively building a modern socialist country, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. The whole country united as one, and the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army fought heroically, achieving the great victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, safeguarding national security. Entering the late 1950s, relations between China and the Soviet Union broke down; the Soviet government suddenly unilaterally decided to withdraw its experts stationed in China and abolish cooperation projects. “When the teacher leaves, the student learns on his own”; “We had no choice but to rely on ourselves, on our own two hands.” [9]9 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012. The Party always believed that “the East wind will surely prevail over the West wind”; Mao Zedong proposed the theory of the “three worlds,” widely supporting and uniting with Third World countries worldwide in resolute struggle against imperialism. He pointed out: “The belief in victory is won through fighting, through struggle.” [10]10 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. As long as one dares to rise up and struggle, dares to take up arms, one can surely grasp the destiny of one’s own country, defeat imperialist aggression and all kinds of powerful enemies, and create a favorable external security environment for national development.

依靠“敢于斗争、善于斗争”，中国共产党领导人民为社会主义革命和建设筑牢了长久和平的外部安全环境。1950年朝鲜战争爆发，面对美帝国主义的挑衅侵略，毛泽东坚决指出：“我们中国还没有建设好，我们希望和平。但是如果帝国主义硬要打仗，我们也只好横下一条心，打了仗再建设。”[8]全国上下团结一心，中国人民志愿军战士英勇作战，取得了抗美援朝战争的伟大胜利，维护了国家安全。进入20世纪50年代后期，中苏两国关系破裂，苏联政府突然单方面决定撤回驻华专家，废除合作项目。“离开了先生，学生就自己学”，“我们没办法，就靠自己，靠自己两只手。”[9]党始终坚信“东风必定压倒西风”，毛泽东提出“三个世界”划分理论，在世界范围内广泛支持和联合第三世界国家同帝国主义进行坚决斗争。他指出：“胜利的信念是打出来的，是斗争中间得出来的。”[10]只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，就一定能够掌握自己国家的命运，战胜帝国主义的侵略和各种强大敌人，为国家发展创造了有利的外部安全环境。

By relying on daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle, the Communist Party of China led the people to consolidate a harmonious and stable internal development environment for socialist revolution and construction. In the early period of the founding of New China, there remained throughout various regions a large number of counterrevolutionaries, such as bandits, local tyrants, secret agents, and reactionary party-group骨干 [backbone elements], who engaged in various destructive activities openly or covertly. In order to rapidly establish and consolidate a harmonious and stable social environment, in accordance with the “Directive on Suppressing Counterrevolutionary Activities” issued by the CPC Central Committee and the “Regulations of the People’s Republic of China for the Punishment of Counterrevolutionaries” promulgated by the Central People’s Government, the Party led the people in a struggle to eliminate bandits and oppose local tyrants in the countryside, and launched a campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries in cities and towns across the country, legally punishing and eliminating all counterrevolutionaries who harmed the people. The power of this campaign “caused great panic, wavering, and chaos within the counterrevolutionary ranks; many counterrevolutionaries were forced to come forward, confess their crimes, and repent to the people” [11]11 “The boat is in the middle of the current, the waves are more turbulent; the person is halfway up the mountain, the slope is steeper” is a Chinese idiom describing a situation where difficulties intensify as one progresses.. The victory of the campaign to suppress counterrevolutionaries effectively ensured the smooth completion of land reform, and created a stable internal development environment for completing the socialist revolution, safeguarding the state power and security of the people’s democratic dictatorship, and building the socialist cause.

依靠敢于斗争、善于斗争，中国共产党领导人民为社会主义革命和建设巩固了和谐稳定的内部发展环境。在新中国成立初期，各地残存着大量的土匪、恶霸、特务、反动党团骨干等反革命分子，他们公开或暗地里进行着各种破坏活动。为了迅速建立和巩固和谐稳定的社会环境，根据中共中央发出的《关于镇压反革命活动的指示》和中央人民政府公布的《中华人民共和国惩治反革命条例》，党领导人民在农村进行了清匪反霸斗争，在全国城乡开展了镇压反革命运动，依法惩治和肃清一切危害人民的反革命分子。这场运动的威力，“引起了反革命内部的极大恐慌、动摇和混乱，许多反革命分子，都被迫出来悔过自首……向人民认罪了”[11]。镇压反革命运动的胜利，有力地保障了土地改革顺利完成，为完成社会主义革命，保障人民民主专政国家政权与安全，建设社会主义事业创造了稳定的内部发展环境。

(3) Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle to Safeguard National Dignity and Core Interests

(三)敢于斗争、善于斗争维护国家尊严和核心利益

Since reform and opening up, by initiating and adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Chinese people have achieved the great leap from standing up to becoming prosperous. During this period, the Communist Party of China scientifically assessed the characteristics of the era and the international situation, concluding that the balance of world political forces had undergone favorable changes for socialism, that it was possible to avoid large-scale world war for a relatively long period, and that there was hope for maintaining world peace. Peace and development are the themes of the era. During this historical period, the Party seized development opportunities, concentrated its strength on economic construction, and used the struggle wisdom of “hiding one’s capabilities and biding one’s time” [韬光养晦] to safeguard national dignity and core interests, laying a solid economic foundation for the Chinese nation’s great leap from becoming prosperous to becoming strong.

改革开放以来，通过开创和坚持中国特色社会主义道路，中国人民实现了从站起来到富起来的伟大飞跃。在这一时期，中国共产党科学判断时代特征和国际形势，认为世界政治力量对比发生了有利于社会主义的巨大变化，在较长时间内不会发生大规模的世界战争是有可能的，维护世界和平是有希望的。和平与发展是时代的主题，党在这一历史时期抓住发展机遇，集中力量进行经济建设，以韬光养晦的斗争智慧维护国家尊严和核心利益，为中华民族迎来从富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃奠定了丰厚的经济实力。

Facing changes in the world pattern and the technological revolution, the Communist Party of China courageously confronted the complex and volatile international situation. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the upheavals in Eastern Europe, the bipolar world structure ended, and the international situation generally moved toward détente, but the struggle situation facing the Party remained very severe. At a time when the world socialist movement suffered serious setbacks, Western capitalist countries targeted China as their main object of attack, announcing multiple sanctions against China and doing everything possible to undermine

面对世界格局之变、科技革命之变，中国共产党勇于直面复杂多变的国际形势。经历了苏联解体和东欧剧变，世界“两极格局”终结以后，国际局势总体走向了缓和，但党所面临的斗争形势仍十分严峻。在世界社会主义运动遭遇严重挫折之际，西方资本主义国家将中国视为攻击的主要目标，宣布多项对华制裁措施，千方百计想搞垮中国共产党的领导和社会主义制度。面对更加复杂的国际斗争形势，邓小平指出，中国在国际舆论面前“要维护我们独立自主、不信邪、不怕鬼的形象。我们绝不能示弱。你越怕，越示弱，人家劲头就越大……中国有抵御外敌入侵的丰富经验，打垮了侵略者，我们再来建设”[12]。

Faced with changes in the world pattern and changes in the scientific and technological revolution, the Communist Party of China is adept at flexibly applying the struggle strategy of “hiding one’s capabilities and biding one’s time.” Based on the profound changes in the struggle situation during this period, the Communist Party of China deeply recognized that, in order to accelerate the modernization process, “China needs at least twenty years of peace to concentrate on domestic construction” [13]13 “Key move” (关键一招) is a term used by the CPC leadership to emphasize the decisive importance of reform in China’s development.. “When China develops, the forces for peace that constrain war will be greatly strengthened.” [14]14 The “two centenary goals” are the goals of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (2021) and building China into a great modern socialist country by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (2049). Based on this fundamental judgment, the Party Central Committee put forward the strategic policy of “hiding one’s capabilities and biding one’s time, sheathing one’s edge, preserving oneself, and gradually seeking development” [15]15 “乱云飞渡仍从容” (luàn yún fēi dù réng cóngróng): A line from Mao Zedong’s poem, meaning to remain calm and composed amidst chaotic circumstances.. So-called hiding one’s capabilities and biding one’s time does not mean abandoning struggle; on issues directly involving national sovereignty, security, and interests, the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries, world peace and regional stability, and the establishment of a just and reasonable new international political and economic order, one must take a clear stand, adhere to principles, and carry out effective work and necessary struggle. “We must follow the historical trend, actively promote a multipolar world, oppose attempts to establish a single hegemonic pole, and promote the harmonious coexistence of multiple forces. On the other hand, we must proceed from reality, act within our capabilities, pay attention to struggle strategy and the art of struggle, and not fall into the vortex of conflict or become the focus of contradictions.” [16]16 “不到长城非好汉” (bù dào Chángchéng fēi hǎohàn): A line from Mao Zedong’s poem, meaning one is not a true hero until reaching the Great Wall, symbolizing perseverance and determination. Practice has proven that hiding one’s capabilities and biding one’s time is a struggle strategy of great political wisdom, which both firmly safeguarded national dignity and fully ensured the core interests of the state, promoting China’s development during this period.

面对世界格局之变、科技革命之变，中国共产党善于灵活运用韬光养晦的斗争策略。根据这一时期斗争形势的深刻变化，中国共产党深刻认识到，为了加快现代化进程，“中国需要至少二十年的和平，以便聚精会神地搞国内建设”[13]。“等到中国发展起来了，制约战争的和平力量将会大大增强。”[14]根据这一基本判断，党中央提出了“韬光养晦，收敛锋芒，保存自己，徐图发展”[15]的战略方针。所谓韬光养晦，并不意味着放弃斗争，在直接涉及国家主权、安全和利益，涉及发展中国家的正当权益，涉及世界和平与地区稳定，涉及建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序等问题上，必须旗帜鲜明，坚持原则，进行卓有成效的工作和必要的斗争。“我们要顺应历史潮流，积极促进世界多极化，反对建立单极独霸的企图，推动多种力量和谐并存。另一方面，我们要从实际出发，量力而行，讲究斗争策略和斗争艺术，不陷入冲突的漩涡，不成为矛盾的焦点。”[16]实践证明，韬光养晦是一种极具政治智慧的斗争策略，既坚定地维护了国家尊严，又充分地保证了国家核心利益，促进了中国这一时期的发展。

III. Daring to Struggle and Being Skilled in Struggle Are Important Magic Weapons for Achieving Historic Accomplishments in the New Era

三、敢于斗争、善于斗争是新时代取得历史性成就的重要法宝

The 18th National Congress of the CPC emphasized: “Developing socialism with Chinese characteristics is a long-term and arduous historical task, and we must be prepared to carry out a great struggle with many new historical features.” [17]17 “有理有利有节” (yǒu lǐ yǒu lì yǒu jié): A principle of struggle meaning to be reasonable, advantageous, and restrained, originating from Mao Zedong’s strategy during the War of Resistance Against Japan. After more than 40 years of unremitting efforts in reform and opening up, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the decisive stage of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The proposal of the concept of “great struggle” is both an important judgment made by the Communist Party of China in light of the international situation and an important goal set by the Communist Party of China focusing on changes in the principal contradiction in domestic society. As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has led the people to continue to carry forward the spirit of great struggle, achieving not only a series of important results in struggle theory but also continuously advancing the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through tenacious struggle practice.

党的十八大强调指出：“发展中国特色社会主义是一项长期的艰巨的历史任务，必须准备进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争。”[17]经过改革开放40余年的不懈努力，中国特色社会主义进入全面建成小康社会的决胜阶段，提出“伟大斗争”这一概念，既是中国共产党放眼国际局势所做出的重要判断，也是中国共产党着眼于国内社会主要矛盾变化所提出的重要目标。中国特色社会主义进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导人民继续发扬伟大斗争精神，不仅在斗争理论方面取得了一系列重要成果，更以顽强的斗争实践将中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程不断推向前进。

(I) The Profound Connotation of the “Great Struggle” in the New Era

(一)新时代“伟大斗争”的深刻内涵

After the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC

党的十八大闭幕后，习近平在新一届中央政治局第一次集体学习会上，再次重申了党的十八大提出的“必须准备进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争”的重要论断，他强调：“这是我们这一代共产党人的历史重任，我们要为之付出全部智慧和力量。”[18]中国特色社会主义进入新时代，习近平多次论述并强调“伟大斗争”的重要意义，给予伟大斗争更加全面的总结，赋予更为深刻的内涵。

As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters the New Era, this constitutes a new historical juncture for China’s development. “Today, we are closer, more confident, and more capable than at any time in history of realizing the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Yet to fulfill this dream “is by no means something that can be accomplished easily, by just beating gongs and drums.” “To realize the great dream, we must carry out a great struggle.” [19]19 第二个百年奋斗目标 (dì èr ge bǎinián fèndòu mùbiāo): The second centenary goal, referring to building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Xi Jinping has integrated the “great struggle” of the New Era with the “great dream,” the “great cause,” and the “great project.” “The great struggle, the great project, the great cause, and the great dream are closely linked, mutually reinforcing, and interact with one another. Among them, the new great project of Party building plays a decisive role.” [20] This important thesis scientifically answers the fundamental question of what “flag” the Party should raise, what “path” it should take, what “goal” it should achieve, and what “state of mind” it should maintain in the New Era, thereby clarifying the strategic arrangements and major deployments of the Party’s governance of the country.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代,是中国发展新的历史方位，“今天，我们比历史上任何时期都更接近、更有信心和能力实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标”,但要完成这一梦想“绝不是轻轻松松、敲锣打鼓就能实现的”，“实现伟大梦想，必须进行伟大斗争”[19]。习近平将新时代“伟大斗争”同“伟大梦想”“伟大事业”“伟大工程”结合起来，“伟大斗争，伟大工程，伟大事业，伟大梦想，紧密联系、相互贯通、相互作用，其中起决定性作用的是党的建设新的伟大工程”[20]。这一重要论断科学地回答了新时代党“举什么旗、走什么路、实现什么目标以及保持什么样的精神状态”这一根本性问题，明确了党治国理政的战略安排和重大部署。

Regarding the core requirements for carrying out the great struggle in the New Era, Xi Jinping has elaborated in depth from multiple dimensions. First, it is necessary to accurately grasp the correct direction, stance, and principles of the great struggle in the New Era. “The struggle of Communists has a direction, a stance, and principles; the general direction is to unswervingly uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China and China’s socialist system.” [21] In the struggle to safeguard the people’s interests, defend national dignity and core interests, it is essential to “adhere to the unity of enhancing vigilance and maintaining strategic resolve, the unity of strategic judgment and tactical decision-making, and the unity of the struggle process and its practical effectiveness” in all major struggles. [22] Second, it is necessary to clearly recognize the arenas of the great struggle in the New Era. To maintain political security, resolutely carry out struggles against hegemonism, terrorism, and separatism, while also preparing for military struggle; to maintain economic security, actively struggle against trade protectionism and economic criminal activities; to maintain cultural security, (public account: Marxist Theory Research) resolutely struggle against the distortion of fine traditional Chinese culture, the denial of revolutionary culture, and various erroneous ideological trends; to maintain social security, the Party and the state must further advance the anti-corruption struggle and the special campaign against organized crime and local mafia; to maintain ecological security, resolutely struggle against acts that damage the ecological environment, as well as against natural disasters and biosecurity threats. Third, it is necessary to enhance struggle capabilities through ideological tempering, political training, and practical exercise. Struggle capabilities are not innate; they require the vast majority of Party members and cadres to thoroughly study and understand Marxist standpoints, viewpoints, and methods. Only with sufficient clarity in ideological theory can they have more confidence and strength in struggle. At the same time, they must dare to face difficulties head-on and accept challenges in the face of major issues of principle, conflicts, crises and difficulties, and unhealthy tendencies, growing and gaining experience through struggle. Finally, carrying out the great struggle requires promoting the spirit of struggle. The spirit of struggle is an inherent political quality of Communists and an important component of the spiritual genealogy of the Communist Party of China. Cultivating the spirit of struggle means “always maintaining the Communists’ backbone, integrity, moral character, and courage to dare to struggle.” [23]

关于开展新时代伟大斗争的核心要求，习近平从多个维度进行了深入阐述。首先，必须要准确把握新时代伟大斗争的正确方向、立场和原则。“共产党人的斗争是有方向、有立场、有原则的，大方向就是坚持中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度不动摇。”[21]在斗争中维护人民利益、捍卫国家尊严和核心利益必须做到在各种重大斗争中，“坚持增强忧患意识和保持战略定力相统一、坚持战略判断和战术决断相统一、坚持斗争过程和斗争实效相统一”[22]。其次，必须要清醒认识新时代伟大斗争的场域。为了维护政治安全，坚决进行反霸权主义、反恐怖和反分裂的斗争，同时做好军事斗争上的准备；为了维护经济安全，积极同贸易保护主义和经济犯罪活动做斗争；为维护文化安全，（公众号：马克思主义理论研究）必须要同歪曲中华优秀传统文化，否定革命文化，以及各种错误思潮进行坚决斗争；为维护社会安全，党和国家还必须要深入推进反腐败斗争、扫黑除恶专项斗争；为维护生态安全，必须要坚决同破坏生态环境的行为进行斗争，同自然灾害和生物安全威胁进行斗争。再次，必须要在思想淬炼、政治历练、实践锻炼中增强斗争本领。斗争本领不是与生俱来的，需要广大党员干部学懂弄通马克思主义立场观点方法，只有在思想理论上足够清醒，斗争起来才更有底气和力量。同时，更要在大是大非面前、矛盾冲突面前、危机困难面前、歪风邪气面前敢于迎难而上，接受挑战，在斗争中成长和历练。最后，进行伟大斗争必须要发扬斗争精神。斗争精神是共产党人与生俱来的政治品格，是中国共产党精神谱系的重要内容，培养斗争精神，就是要“始终保持共产党人敢于斗争的风骨、气节、操守、胆魄”[23]。

(II) New Historical Characteristics of the “Great Struggle” in the New Era

(二)新时代“伟大斗争”新的历史特点

Recognizing the “many new historical characteristics” is the realistic background and prerequisite for carrying out the “great struggle” in the New Era. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The concept of ‘new historical characteristics’ has profound implications; it is an important judgment derived from a comprehensive review and assessment of the development trends of both the domestic and international situations.” [24] In the ten years of the New Era, the international situation and the trends of the times facing China have undergone significant changes. The challenges and threats encountered are more complex, and the struggle situation is more severe than before.

认清“具有许多新的历史特点”是新时代进行“伟大斗争”的现实背景和前提。习近平指出：“‘新的历史特点’这个概念，含义是很深刻的，是全面审视和判断国内国际两个大局发展大势得出的重要判断。”[24]新时代十年，中国所面临的国际形势和时代趋势发生了明显变化，面对的挑战和威胁更加复杂，斗争形势也比从前更加严峻。

From an international perspective, since the New Era, the world has entered a period of accelerated evolution of changes unseen in a century, and the international environment has become increasingly complex. As China grows and develops, Western countries, harboring the bias of the “China threat theory,” attempt to blockade and contain China’s development, encircling it through trade wars and technological wars. Comparisons of political values and ideological struggles between different camps and countries have intensified, economic competition and the struggle for national strategic interests have become more acute, and the overall pattern of the global economic and political system is facing reshaping. At the same time, non-traditional security factors such as ethnic separatism, religious extremism, and violent terrorism have risen globally, intertwining with traditional security threats like regional wars. Global issues such as food and energy security, public health, climate change, and cybersecurity all pose direct or indirect threats to China’s development. The external challenges and risks faced by the Party have many new characteristics different from any previous period.

从国际上看，新时代以来，世界百年未有之大变局进入加速演变期，国际环境日趋错综复杂。随着中国日益发展壮大，西方国家抱着“中国威胁论”偏见，企图封锁和遏制中国的发展，通过发动贸易战、科技战围堵中国。不同阵营和国家间的政治价值观比较、意识形态斗争不断加剧，经济竞争和国家战略利益的争夺更加激烈，全球经济与政治体系大格局面临着重塑。同时，世界范围内民族分裂主义、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖主义等非传统安全因素上升，与地区战争等传统安全威胁相互交织，粮食能源、公共卫生、气候变化、网络安全等全球性问题均对中国发展产生直接或间接的威胁。党所面临的外部挑战和风险具有许多不同于以往任何时期的新的特点。

From a domestic perspective, ten years ago, the situation we faced was that reform and opening up and socialist modernization had achieved great successes, but at the same time, a series of long-accumulated and newly emerging prominent contradictions and problems urgently needed to be resolved. For example, within the Party, there were issues of vague understanding and weak action regarding upholding the Party’s leadership; some Party members and cadres had wavering political beliefs; formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance persisted despite repeated bans; and corruption problems were shocking. The country’s economic structural and institutional contradictions were becoming increasingly prominent, and problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development were increasingly evident. [25]

从国内来看，十年前，我们面对的形势是，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得了巨大成就，但同时，一系列长期积累及新出现的突出矛盾和问题也亟待解决。比如，党内存在着对坚持党的领导认识模糊、行动乏力的问题，部分党员、干部的政治信仰发生动摇，形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风屡禁不止，贪腐问题触目惊心；国家经济结构性、体制性矛盾日益突出，发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题日益显现等。[25]

(III) Historic Achievements of the “Great Struggle” in the New Era

(三)新时代“伟大斗争”的历史性成就

In the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping, on behalf of the entire Party, summarized the historic achievements of the “great struggle” in the New Era. He pointed out: “Facing the drastic changes in the international situation, especially external blackmail, containment, blockade, and extreme pressure, we prioritized national interests and domestic politics, maintained strategic resolve, promoted the spirit of struggle, demonstrated unwavering will not to fear power, safeguarded national dignity and core interests through struggle, and firmly grasped the initiative in China’s development and security.” [26] Looking back at the ten years of the New Era, the Party led the people to accomplish three major events of great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance: first, marking the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China; second, the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era; third, completing the historical task of eradicating absolute poverty and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieving the First Centenary Goal. [5]5 The First Centenary Goal refers to the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC’s founding in 2021. Reviewing the struggle process of these ten years, the completion of each major event was inseparable from the “great struggle” led by the Party and the people. The historic achievements of the “great struggle” in the New Era are concentratedly manifested in these three major events.

在党的二十大报告中，习近平代表全党对新时代“伟大斗争”的历史性成就进行了总结。他指出：“面对国际局势急剧变化，特别是面对外部讹诈、遏制、封锁、极限施压，我们坚持国家利益为重、国内政治优先，保持战略定力，发扬斗争精神，展示不畏强权的坚定意志，在斗争中维护国家尊严和核心利益，牢牢掌握了我国发展和安全主动权。”[26]回顾新时代这十年，党带领人民完成了具有重大现实意义和深远历史意义的三件大事：一是迎来了中国共产党成立一百周年；二是中国特色社会主义进入新时代；三是完成了脱贫攻坚、全面建成小康社会的历史任务，实现了第一个百年奋斗目标。回顾这十年奋斗历程，每一件大事的完成均离不开党带领人民所进行的“伟大斗争”，新时代“伟大斗争”的历史性成就也集中表现为这三件大事。

Seeking unity through struggle, consolidating the Party’s struggle strength to welcome the centenary of the Party’s founding. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has advanced comprehensive and strict governance of the Party with firm determination, tenacious will, and unprecedented intensity, carrying out an unprecedented anti-corruption struggle. With the mission and responsibility of “offending thousands to live up to 1.4 billion,” it has eliminated ills and chaos, employing multiple measures such as “hunting tigers,” “swatting flies,” and “chasing foxes,” achieving an overwhelming victory in the anti-corruption struggle and consolidating it comprehensively, eliminating serious hidden dangers within the Party, the state, and the military. Through self-revolution, the political ecosystem within the Party has taken on a new look, and the entire Party is united as one. Through continuously strengthening the Party’s self-building, the will of the entire Party has become more unified. Over 96 million Party members are united and unified, gathering powerful struggle strength, and through unremitting efforts, they successfully welcomed the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China.

以斗争求团结，凝聚全党奋斗力量迎来建党百年。党的十八大以来，党中央以坚定决心、顽强意志、空前力度推进全面从严治党，开展了史无前例的反腐败斗争，以“得罪千百人、不负十四亿”的使命担当祛疴治乱，“打虎”“拍蝇”“猎狐”多管齐下，反腐败斗争取得压倒性胜利并全面巩固，消除了党、国家、军队内部存在的严重隐患。通过自我革命，党内政治生态面貌一新，全党上下团结一心。通过不断加强党的自我建设，全党意志更加统一。9600多万名党员团结统一，汇聚起强大的奋斗力量，通过不懈努力成功迎来了中国共产党成立100周年。

Seeking progress through struggle, promoting the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, relying on the great struggle, the Party has achieved brilliant successes in various undertakings, overcoming many long-standing unresolved difficulties and accomplishing many major events of long-term significance. For example, in the field of ecological civilization construction, the Party Central Committee placed ecological civilization within the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, accelerating the establishment of a systematic and complete institutional system for ecological civilization by formulating and revising relevant laws. In advancing ecological and environmental protection work, relying on struggle to firmly guard the red line for farmland protection, scientifically formulating and implementing plans, and carrying out comprehensive environmental governance... the people have clearly felt that the sky is bluer, the mountains greener, the water clearer, and the environment more beautiful around them. Relying on the great struggle to pursue progress in undertakings, the Party has achieved historic changes in various fields such as politics, economy, culture, society, and ecological civilization since reform and opening up, successfully promoting the entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era.

以斗争求进取，推动中国特色社会主义进入新时代。党的十八大以来，依靠伟大斗争，党的各方面事业取得了辉煌成就，攻克了许多长期没有解决的难题，办成了许多事关长远发展的大事要事。例如，在生态文明建设领域，党中央将生态文明置于“五位一体”总体布局，通过制定和修改相关法律，加快建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系。在推进生态环境保护工作中，依靠斗争守牢耕地保护红线，科学编制实施规划，做好环境综合治理……人民明显感受到身边的天更蓝、山更绿、水更清、环境更优美了。依靠伟大斗争追求事业进取，党实现了改革开放以来国家在政治、经济、文化、社会、生态文明等各领域的历史性变革，成功推动中国特色社会主义进入了新时代。

Achieving victory through struggle, winning the battle against poverty, and completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee, proceeding from the requirements of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, has incorporated poverty alleviation and development work into the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, made a series of major deployments and arrangements, and fully launched the battle against poverty. The intensity, scale, and depth of the poverty alleviation effort have been unprecedented. On this battlefield without the smoke of gunpowder, over 1,800 Party members and cadres sacrificed their precious lives for the cause of poverty reduction. The whole nation was united in heart and mind, launching the final decisive battle against poverty. Relying on tenacious struggle and unremitting effort, the battle against poverty achieved a great victory, significantly improving the production and living conditions of impoverished areas and impoverished people, writing a new chapter in the history of the human struggle against poverty, placing China’s development on a higher historical starting point, and laying a solid foundation for embarking on a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

以斗争求胜利，打赢脱贫攻坚战，全面建成小康社会。党的十八大以来，党中央从全面建成小康社会的要求出发，把扶贫开发工作纳入“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，做出了一系列重大部署和安排，全面打响了脱贫攻坚战。脱贫攻坚力度之大、规模之广、影响之深，前所未有。在这场没有硝烟的战场上，1800多名党员、干部为减贫事业献出了宝贵生命，全国上下一心，向着反贫困斗争进行最后的决战。依靠顽强斗争、不懈奋斗，脱贫攻坚战取得伟大胜利，显著改善了贫困地区和贫困群众的生产生活条件，谱写了人类反贫困斗争历史的新篇章，使中国发展站在了更高的历史起点上，为开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程奠定了坚实基础。

IV. Daring to Struggle and Being Adept at Struggle, Writing a New Chapter of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country in the New Era

四、敢于斗争、善于斗争，谱写新时代全面建设社会主义现代化国家新篇章

Xi Jinping solemnly declared in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “From now on, the central task of the Communist Party of China is to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups in the country to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country, achieve the second centenary goal, and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” [27] Forging ahead in the New Era, embarking on a new journey, and achieving the second centenary goal will inevitably be accompanied by long-term and complex struggles. For the Party to unswervingly become the core leading the great struggle on the new journey, it must continue to carry forward the spirit of struggle, enhance its ability to struggle, firmly grasp the initiative in struggle, and with the spirit and courage to dare to struggle and the wisdom and art of being adept at struggle, write a new chapter of socialism with Chinese characteristics for the New Era.

习近平在党的二十大报告中庄严宣布：“从现在起，中国共产党的中心任务就是团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。”[27]奋进新时代，开启新征程，实现第二个百年奋斗目标必然伴随着长期复杂的斗争，党要在新征程上坚定不移地成为领导伟大斗争的核心，必须继续发扬斗争精神，增强斗争本领，牢牢掌握斗争主动权，以敢于斗争的精神勇气，善于斗争的智慧艺术，谱写新时代中国特色社会主义新篇章。

(I) Achieving the Second Centenary Goal Will Inevitably Be Accompanied by Long-Term and Complex Struggles

(一)实现第二个百年奋斗目标必然伴随着长期复杂的斗争

The road to comprehensively building a great modern socialist country is long and arduous; it is by no means a smooth and level path that can be traversed in a single morning or evening. Looking at the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century in the world, the Communist Party of China, embarking on the new journey of the second centenary goal, is at a node where “the boat is in the middle of the current, the waves are more turbulent; the person is halfway up the mountain, the slope is steeper.” “On the road ahead, the risks and tests we face will only become more complex, and we may even encounter unimaginable stormy waves. The various struggles we face are not short-term but long-term; they will at least accompany the entire process of achieving our second centenary goal.” [28] Therefore, to meet the various trials of wind and waves on the new journey, the Party must adhere to the spiritual character of “daring to struggle and being adept at struggle” and write a new chapter of comprehensively building a modern socialist country in the New Era.

全面建成社会主义现代化强国道阻且长，绝不是一马平川、一朝一夕就能实现的。放眼实现中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，开启第二个百年奋斗目标新征程的中国共产党，正处于“船到中流浪更急、人到半山路更陡”的节点。“在前进道路上我们面临的风险考验只会越来越复杂，甚至会遇到难以想象的惊涛骇浪。我们面临的各种斗争不是短期的而是长期的，至少要伴随我们实现第二个百年奋斗目标全过程。”[28]因此，党要迎接新征程上的各种风浪考验，务必坚持“敢于斗争、善于斗争”的精神品格，谱写新时代全面建设社会主义现代化国家新篇章。

Correctly handling the complex relationship between China and the world requires adhering to “daring to struggle and being adept at struggle.” When socialism develops to a certain level, it will engage in intense historical competition with capitalism. Since the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979, China has actively introduced capital and technology to integrate into the world market and has engaged in close cooperation with the United States. American capital has also reaped huge profits from the Chinese market, facilitating a period of peaceful development in bilateral relations. However, as China has increasingly become the world’s second-largest economy, the two countries have formed strong competition in high-end industries. Especially in the face of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, China has demonstrated its rapidly rising strength. Therefore, the United States, controlled by capital, will never tolerate or allow the rise of Chinese-path modernization and is thus desperately blocking and containing it. At the same time, the people of the world will continue to face global challenges such as responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, global warming, and biodiversity conservation. In the face of human crises, China, like all other countries in the world, faces arduous and complex struggle situations. Building a modern socialist country is not about achieving one’s own success in isolation; it inevitably requires adhering to daring to struggle and being adept at struggle in correctly handling the relationship between China and the world, seeking the unity of the world’s people through struggle, and seeking a peaceful and stable development environment through struggle.

正确处理中国和世界的复杂关系需要坚持“敢于斗争、善于斗争”。社会主义发展到一定水平，会同资本主义产生激烈的历史性较量。从1979年中美正式建交以来，中国为融入世界市场，积极引进资金技术，同美国进行了密切合作，美国资本从中国市场也获取了巨额利益，促成了两国关系在一段时间内的和平发展。但随着中国日益成为世界第二大经济体，两国在高端产业上形成了强大竞争，特别是在新一轮科技革命和产业变革面前，中国更展现了迅速崛起的实力。因此，受资本操控的美国绝不会容忍和放任中国式现代化崛起，因此拼命进行阻挡和遏制。同时，未来世界人民还将共同面对着应对新冠肺炎疫情、全球气候变暖、生物多样性保护等全球性挑战。在人类危机面前，中国同世界各国一样面临着艰巨复杂的斗争形势。建设社会主义现代化强国并非独善其身，必然需要在正确处理中国和世界的关系中坚持敢于斗争、善于斗争，以斗争求得世界人民团结，以斗争求得和平稳定的发展环境。

Correctly handling the complex relationships within the reform process requires adhering to “daring to struggle and being adept at struggle.” Currently, the global economy is facing enormous downward pressure, with various uncertainties rising. [29] Having completed the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, on the new journey, China will move from a middle-income country to a high-income country. The contradictions and risks are more numerous and complex than when moving from low income to middle income. The people’s aspirations for a better life are more diverse and specific, and their expectations for common prosperity are stronger and deeper. At all times, we must clearly see the opportunities and risks brought to the country by changes in the situation, accurately grasp the changes in the situation, deeply understand the opportunities and challenges contained in the new historical characteristics, and continue to carry out the great struggle with many new historical characteristics. With the courage to dare to struggle, we must break the shackles of thought and create a new pattern of development. At the same time, the process of achieving modernization will inevitably face many new problems and new contradictions. The more we face a severe, complex, and arduous situation, the more we need to make good use of reform, this “key move,” to shake off constraints, respond to changes, and promote development. With the experience and wisdom of being adept at struggle, we must grasp the implementation of reform tasks and solve the new situations and new problems encountered on the new journey.

正确处理改革进程中的复杂关系需要坚持“敢于斗争、善于斗争”。当前，全球经济正面临着巨大的下行压力，各种不确定因素上升。[29]全面建成小康社会，在新征程上，中国将从中等收入国家迈向高收入国家，矛盾和风险比从低收入迈向中等收入时更多更复杂，人民对美好生活的向往更加多样和具体，对共同富裕的期待也更加强烈和深刻。任何时候都要看清形势变化给国家带来的机遇和风险，必须准确把握形势变化，深刻理解新的历史特点中蕴藏的机遇和挑战，继续进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，以敢于斗争的勇气打破思想桎梏，开创发展新格局。同时，实现现代化的过程必然还将面临诸多新问题和新矛盾。越是面对严峻复杂、任务艰巨的局面，越需要用好改革这个“关键一招”，摆脱束缚，应对变局，推动发展，以善于斗争的经验智慧抓改革任务落实，解决新征程上遇到的新情况、新问题。

(II) Carrying Out the Great Struggle on the New Journey Depends on the Party, Depends on People

(二)进行新征程上的伟大斗争关键在党，关键在人

“Comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the way; the Party’s self-revolution is always on the way.” [30] Carrying out the great struggle with many new historical characteristics “depends on the Party, depends on people. Depending on the Party means ensuring that the Party always remains a strong leading core in the historical process of developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. Depending on people means building a large contingent of high-quality cadres.” [31]

“全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上。”[30]进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，“关键在党，关键在人。关键在党，就要确保党在发展中国特色社会主义历史进程中始终成为坚强领导核心。关键在人，就要建设一支宏大的高素质干部队伍”[31]。

The Communist Party of China is the core force uniting and leading the Chinese people in carrying out the great struggle with many new historical characteristics. The great project of Party building determines the effectiveness and impact of the great struggle. “Only by further building the Party well and ensuring that our Party always maintains vigorous vitality and strong combat effectiveness can our Party lead the people to successfully respond to major challenges, withstand major risks, overcome major obstacles, and resolve major contradictions, continuously moving from victory to new victories.” [32] Facing the central task of comprehensively building a great modern socialist country, all struggles led by the Party must always adhere to the fundamental direction of not wavering from the Party’s leadership and China’s socialist system. Any risk or challenge that endangers the Party’s leadership and the socialist system, endangers national sovereignty, security, and development interests, endangers the core interests and major principles of the state, endangers the fundamental interests of the people, or endangers the realization of the “two centenary goals” and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation must be resolutely responded to, with daring to struggle and daring to win.

中国共产党是团结带领中国人民进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争的核心力量，党的建设伟大工程决定了伟大斗争的成效和影响。“只有进一步把党建设好，确保我们党永葆旺盛生命力和强大战斗力，我们党才能带领人民成功应对重大挑战、抵御重大风险、克服重大阻力、解决重大矛盾，不断从胜利走向新的胜利。”[32]面对全面建成社会主义现代化强国的中心任务，党领导人民进行的一切斗争必须始终坚持党的领导和我国社会主义制度不动摇这个根本方向。凡是危害党的领导和社会主义制度，危害国家主权、安全、发展利益，危害国家核心利益和重大原则，危害人民根本利益，危害实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的各种风险挑战，必须要坚决回应，敢于斗争、敢于胜利。

“The struggle of Communists has always been aimed at contradictions, problems, risks, and challenges.” [33] Since entering the New Era, the Communist Party of China has striven to solve many prominent problems within the Party. However, the tests of governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment facing the Party will persist for a long time, and the dangers of mental slackness, insufficient capability, detachment from the masses, and passive corruption will also persist for a long time. On the new journey, as the Party leads the people in striving with all their might to achieve the second centenary goal, continuing to advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, comprehensively deepening reform, law-based governance, promoting high-quality development, eliminating hidden dangers in the financial sector, ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods, governing the ecological environment, responding to major natural disasters, handling mass incidents, cracking down on organized crime and evil forces, and maintaining national security all require “daring to struggle and being adept at struggle.” The entire Party must be prepared to respond to any form of contradiction, risk, and challenge, and be prepared for various struggles economically, politically, culturally, socially, diplomatically, and militarily. “We must uphold and carry forward the spirit of struggle,” “not believe in evil, not fear ghosts, not be afraid of pressure, forge ahead in the face of difficulties, and rise to meet challenges, coordinate development and security, and do our utmost to overcome all difficulties and challenges on the road ahead, opening up new horizons for the development of our cause by relying on tenacious struggle.” [34]

“共产党人的斗争，从来都是奔着矛盾问题、风险挑战去的。”[33]进入新时代以来，中国共产党努力解决党内出现的许多突出问题，但党所面临的执政考验、改革开放考验、市场经济考验、外部环境考验仍将长期存在，精神懈怠危险、能力不足危险、脱离群众危险、消极腐败危险还将长期存在。在新征程上，党带领人民全力奋进实现第二个百年奋斗目标，继续推进全面从严治党、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、推动高质量发展、消除金融领域隐患、保障和改善民生、治理生态环境、应对重大自然灾害、处理群体性事件、打击黑恶势力、维护国家安全等，都要“敢于斗争、善于斗争”。全党要做好应对任何形式的矛盾风险挑战的准备，做好经济上、政治上、文化上、社会上、外交上、军事上各种斗争的准备，“坚持发扬斗争精神”，“不信邪、不怕鬼、不怕压，知难而进、迎难而上，统筹发展和安全，全力战胜前进道路上各种困难和挑战，依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地”。[34]

(III) Carrying Out the Great Struggle on the New Journey Requires Carrying Forward the Spirit of Struggle, Enhancing the Ability to Struggle, and Grasping the Initiative in Struggle

(三)进行新征程上的伟大斗争需要发扬斗争精神、增强斗争本领、掌握斗争主动权

Comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a new chapter in the great social revolution led by the Communist Party of China. Facing all risks and challenges that may be encountered on the path forward, Xi Jinping called on the entire Party to “cultivate a fighting spirit, always maintaining the Communist’s backbone, moral integrity, conduct, and courage to dare to struggle. To enhance the ability to struggle, scientifically foresee the future trends of the situation, the opportunities and challenges hidden within, the favorable and unfavorable factors, see through appearances to grasp the essence, do a good job in strategic planning, and firmly grasp the initiative in struggle.” [23]

全面建成社会主义现代化强国是中国共产党领导伟大社会革命的新篇章。面对前进道路上可能遇见的一切风险挑战，习近平号召全党“要培养斗争精神，始终保持共产党人敢于斗争的风骨、气节、操守、胆魄。要增强斗争本领，科学预见形势发展的未来走势、蕴藏其中的机遇和挑战、有利因素和不利因素，透过现象看本质，抓好战略谋划，牢牢掌握斗争主动权”[23]。

The fighting spirit of “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle” is the distinct political character and fine revolutionary tradition of Chinese Communists. The Party emerged in response to the great struggle and grew and strengthened through arduous struggles. To achieve the second centenary goal on the new journey, it is necessary to resolve all difficulties with the spiritual courage to dare to fight and be able to win, always concentrating the will of the entire Party on the goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the new journey, the Party must handle challenges from the external environment and contradictions in internal development. It must always maintain the composure of “remaining calm amidst the chaotic flight of clouds” and sharpen the enterprising spirit of “not stopping until the Great Wall is reached,” actively responding to crises and challenges. The more turbulent the winds and waves, the more the fighting spirit must be carried forward, pushing the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics toward greater victory.

“敢于斗争、善于斗争”的斗争精神,是中国共产党人鲜明的政治品格和优良的革命传统。党自伟大斗争中应运而生，又在艰苦卓绝的斗争中发展壮大。要在新征程上实现第二个百年奋斗目标，就要以敢战敢胜、善战能胜的精神勇气化解一切困难，始终将全党意志集中到为实现中华民族伟大复兴的奋斗目标上来。在新征程上，党要处理好来自外部环境的挑战，处理好内部发展的矛盾，必须要始终保持“乱云飞渡仍从容”的定力，砥砺“不到长城非好汉”的进取精神，积极应对危机和挑战。越是风高浪急，越要发扬斗争精神，将中国特色社会主义伟大事业推向更大的胜利。

Daring to struggle is a kind of courage, while being skilled in struggle is an art. The Communist Party of China has formed highly wise struggle arts over its century-long struggle, such as being good at grasping the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, insisting on being reasonable, advantageous, and restrained, reasonably choosing struggle methods and grasping the timing of struggle, making no concessions on matters of principle, and being flexible on matters of strategy. It is necessary to grasp the timing, degree, and effectiveness according to the needs of the situation, adjusting struggle strategies in a timely manner. Unite all forces that can be united, mobilize all positive factors, seek unity in struggle, seek cooperation in struggle, and seek win-win outcomes in struggle… The Party’s ability to struggle is not innate but is gradually tempered through complex and severe struggles. To carry out the great revolution on the new journey, the Party must not rely on shouting slogans and sitting around talking, but needs to enhance practical, hard-hitting struggle abilities, experiencing storms, seeing the world, and strengthening its backbone in struggle.

敢于斗争是一种勇气，善于斗争则是一门艺术。中国共产党在百年奋斗历程中形成了极富智慧的斗争艺术，比如，善于抓主要矛盾、抓矛盾的主要方面，坚持有理有利有节，合理选择斗争方式、把握斗争火候，在原则问题上寸步不让，在策略问题上灵活机动。要根据形势需要，把握时、度、效，及时调整斗争策略。团结一切可以团结的力量，调动一切积极因素，在斗争中争取团结，在斗争中谋求合作，在斗争中争取共赢……党的斗争本领不是与生俱来的，而是在复杂严峻的斗争中逐渐淬炼而出的。进行新征程上的伟大革命，党绝不能依靠高喊口号、坐而论道，而是需要增强实打实、硬碰硬的斗争本领，在斗争中经风雨、见世面、壮筋骨。

Daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle must firmly grasp the initiative in struggle. The Communist Party of China has no intention of being an enemy to anyone. Grasping the initiative in struggle is to see the situation clearly amidst the complex and ever-changing struggle conditions, always maintaining calm composure and confidence, and actively responding to all risks and challenges. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Conditions are not static; if you actively strive for them, they may improve; if you do nothing, they will certainly worsen. This is called ‘human effort determines outcomes.’” [35] The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process. China possesses unique political advantages, institutional advantages, development advantages, and opportunity advantages. Economic and social development still has many favorable conditions, which give us confidence, composure, and ability to write a new chapter in comprehensively building a modern socialist country on the new journey.

敢于斗争、善于斗争务必要牢牢掌握斗争主动权。中国共产党无意与任何人为敌，掌握斗争主动权是为了在纷繁复杂的斗争形势中能够看清形势，始终保持沉着的定力和底气，积极应对一切风险挑战。习近平指出：“条件不是一成不变的，你积极争取了，它就有可能变好；你没有作为，它就一定会变差，这就叫事在人为。”[35]中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程，中国拥有独特的政治优势、制度优势、发展优势和机遇优势，经济社会发展依然有着诸多有利条件，这使我们有信心、有底气、有能力在新征程上谱写全面建设社会主义现代化国家新篇章。

V. Conclusion

五、结语

The century-long Party history is also a stirring history of struggle. Over more than a hundred years, the Communist Party of China has grown and strengthened through heroic struggles, steered and advanced unswervingly through unremitting struggles. From the period of the New Democratic Revolution to the period of socialist revolution and construction, and then to the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Party has consistently insisted on opening up new horizons for its cause by relying on tenacious struggle, forming the historical logic of “daring to struggle and being skilled in struggle.” The Party’s understanding and recognition of the great struggle have also gained deeper empirical summaries and theoretical generalizations in practice. The successful convening of the 20th National Congress of the CPC marked the beginning of the Communist Party of China’s new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. On the path forward, the Party will inevitably face a series of new risks and challenges. Therefore, we need to continue to carry forward the spiritual courage to dare to struggle and the political wisdom to be skilled in struggle, writing a new chapter in comprehensively building a modern socialist country with new great struggles.

百年党史亦是一部可歌可泣的斗争史。一百多年来，中国共产党在英勇斗争中成长壮大，在不懈斗争中领航笃行，从新民主主义革命时期到社会主义革命和建设时期，再到中国特色社会主义新时代，党一以贯之地坚持依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地，形成了“敢于斗争、善于斗争”的历史逻辑，党对于伟大斗争的认识和理解也在实践中有了更为深刻的经验总结和理论概括。党的二十大胜利召开，标志着中国共产党开启了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，在前进的道路上，党必将面临着一系列新的风险挑战，因此，需要我们继续发扬敢于斗争的精神勇气和善于斗争的政治智慧，以新的伟大斗争谱写全面建设社会主义现代化国家新篇章。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心