Deeply Understanding “In the Final Analysis, It Is Because Marxism Works, and Because Marxism Adapted to the Chinese Context and the Needs of the Times Works”

The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “In the final analysis, the reason why the Communist Party of China has been able to do what it has done and why socialism with Chinese characteristics has been able to achieve what it has achieved is that Marxism works, and particularly when it is adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.” [1]1 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. The report is the political document adopted at that congress. This important exposition not only incisively elucidates the dialectical relationship among “why the Communist Party of China can do it,” “why Marxism works,” and “why socialism with Chinese characteristics is good,” but also profoundly clarifies the internal logic of Marxism’s effectiveness, revealing the inherent laws and historical necessity of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. A deep grasp of the rich connotations of this important exposition is of great significance for the Party to hold high the great banner, strengthen faith and conviction, seize historical initiative, and write a glorious chapter in the New Era.

党的二十大报告提出，“中国共产党为什么能，中国特色社会主义为什么好，归根到底是马克思主义行，是中国化时代化的马克思主义行”。这一重要论述，既精辟阐明了“中国共产党为什么能”“马克思主义为什么行”“中国特色社会主义为什么好”三者之间的辩证关系，又深刻阐明了马克思主义行的内在逻辑，揭示了马克思主义中国化时代化的内在规律和历史必然。深刻把握这一重要论述的丰富内涵，对于党在新时代高举伟大旗帜、坚定信仰信念、把握历史主动、谱写辉煌篇章，具有重大意义。

1. It Contains Profound Basic Principles of Marxism

1.蕴含深刻的马克思主义基本原理

To say that “Marxism works” means that Marxism is feasible in practice, that it is effective, and that it has withstood the test of practice. To say that “in the final analysis, it is because Marxism works, and because Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times works,” on the one hand, emphasizes the fundamental nature of Marxism that has been proven to “work” in practice, and on the other hand, emphasizes that the Marxism proven to “work” is concrete rather than abstract, and developing rather than unchanging, thereby containing profound basic principles of Marxism.

说“马克思主义行”，意味着马克思主义在实践中是行得通的，是管用的，经得起实践检验。说“归根到底是马克思主义行，是中国化时代化的马克思主义行”，则一方面强调马克思主义在被证明了“行”的实践中具有根本性，另一方面强调被证明“行”的马克思主义是具体的而非抽象的、是发展的而非不变的，蕴含着深刻的马克思主义基本原理。

Ideological theory has a guiding role for practical reality. Human beings always carry out practical activities under the domination and guidance of certain ideological theories. What kind of ideological concepts and theoretical doctrines there are determines what kind of practical activities there will be. Lenin profoundly pointed out that without revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary movement. [2]2 A reference to Lenin’s 1902 work *What Is to Be Done?*, which argues that a revolutionary vanguard party must be guided by a coherent socialist theory. Marxist scientific theory is fundamental and guiding for the revolution, construction, and reform undertakings carried out by the Communist Party of China. Before Marxism was introduced into China, the Chinese people groped in the darkness to save the nation and the people, and all the struggles they waged ended in failure. The October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China, pointing the way forward and providing a new choice for the Chinese people who were desperately seeking a way to save the nation from subjugation and ensure its survival. [3]3 The October Revolution refers to the Bolshevik-led seizure of power in Russia in November 1917 (October in the old Russian calendar). The phrase “brought Marxism-Leninism to China” is a standard formulation in CPC historiography. It was precisely under the guidance of Marxism that the Communist Party of China opened up the correct path of revolution, construction, and reform, and successively won victories in China’s revolution, construction, and reform. The reason why the Communist Party of China has been able to do what it has done in the historical process of China’s revolution, construction, and reform is, in the final analysis, that Marxism works, and that it has always adhered to the guidance of Marxism.

思想理论之于现实实践具有先导性。人类总是在一定的思想理论的支配、指导之下开展实践活动。有什么样的思想观念、理论学说，就会有什么样的实践活动。列宁深刻指出，没有革命的理论，就不会有革命的运动。马克思主义科学理论，对于中国共产党所开展的革命、建设和改革事业而言，具有根本性和先导性。在马克思主义传入中国之前，中国人民为救国救民在黑暗中苦苦求索，所进行的斗争都以失败而告终。十月革命一声炮响，给中国送来了马克思列宁主义，给苦苦探寻救亡图存出路的中国人民指明了前进方向、提供了全新选择。正是在马克思主义指导下，中国共产党才开辟了正确的革命、建设和改革道路，相继取得了中国革命、建设和改革的胜利。中国共产党在中国革命、建设和改革历史进程中之所以能，归根结底在于马克思主义行，在于始终坚持以马克思主义为指导。

The realization of the value of scientific theory is concrete and historical. Whether an ideological theory works, whether it possesses truth, should be tested and answered in concrete practice. Reviewing the glorious history of the Communist Party of China since its founding, it is not difficult to conclude that since the guidance of Marxism, the spiritual world of the Chinese people has shifted from passivity to initiative, and the face of the Chinese revolution has taken on an entirely new look. At the same time, it is not difficult to discover that what truly guided and promoted the development of the Chinese revolution was not dogmatic, textbook Marxism, but Marxism that had achieved adaptation to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Historically, the errors of dogmatism and bookishness in dealing with Marxism caused significant losses to the Party and the revolutionary cause. Practice has repeatedly proven that any scientific theory can only demonstrate and exert its truth value of guiding and promoting practical development when it is applied in concrete practice and combined with concrete reality. It is precisely because Marxism has achieved adaptation to the Chinese context and the needs of the times that it has guided and promoted the development of China’s revolution, construction, and reform.

科学理论的价值实现是具体的、历史的。一种思想理论行不行，是否具有真理性，应该在具体的实践中去检验和回答。回顾中国共产党自创立以来的光辉历史，不难得出自从有了马克思主义的指导，中国人民的精神世界由被动转为主动，中国革命的面貌焕然一新的结论。同时不难发现，真正指导、推动中国革命向前发展的，不是教条化、本本化的马克思主义，而是实现了中国化时代化发展的马克思主义。历史上，对待马克思主义的本本主义、教条主义错误，给党和革命事业造成过重大损失。实践反复证明，任何科学理论只有在具体的实践中被应用，只有和具体的实际相结合，才能彰显和发挥出指导并推动实践发展的真理价值。马克思主义正是因为实现了中国化时代化的发展，才指导并推动了中国革命、建设和改革的发展。

The unity of truth and value is conditional. Human practical activities are always constrained by the yardstick of truth and the yardstick of value. For any practical activity to succeed, it must both respect laws and act according to truth, and also respect practice and act according to actual needs, achieving the unity of conformity to laws and conformity to purposes. [4]4 “Conformity to laws” (合规律性) and “conformity to purposes” (合目的性) are paired terms from Marxist philosophical discourse in China, denoting the objective and subjective dimensions of successful practice. Practical activity itself is the condition for the unity of truth and value. Marxism is science, is truth, and works in practice, but its “working” requires practice to promote and verify it, and has a certain conditionality; it cannot be realized spontaneously. In China, the reason why Marxism “works” lies crucially in the fact that it found the Communist Party of China as its practical subject, was established as the guiding ideology of the Communist Party of China, was mastered and put into practice by the Chinese Communists and the broad masses of the people, and found the fundamental path of combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, thereby achieving adaptation to the Chinese context and the needs of the times.

真理与价值的统一具有条件性。人类的实践活动总是受着真理尺度与价值尺度的制约，任何实践活动要取得成功，既要尊重规律按照真理办事，也要尊重实践按实际的需要办事，实现合规律性与合目的性的统一。实践活动本身是真理与价值相统一的条件。马克思主义是科学、是真理，在实践中行得通，但它的“行”需要实践去推动和验证，具有一定的条件性，而不可能自发实现。在中国，马克思主义之所以“行”，关键在于它找到了中国共产党这个实践主体，被确立为中国共产党的指导思想，被中国共产党人和广大人民群众所掌握和实践，找到了经由马克思主义基本原理和中国具体实际、中华优秀传统文化相结合这个根本路径，实现了中国化和时代化发展。

2. It Manifests the Historical Wisdom of the CPC’s Century-Long Struggle

2.彰显中国共产党百年奋斗的历史智慧

At the ceremony marking the centenary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping reviewed the glorious course of the Party’s century-long struggle and put forward the thesis that “in the final analysis, it is because Marxism works,” profoundly clarifying the dialectical relationship among “can do,” “works,” and “is good.” [5]5 The ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC was held on July 1, 2021, at which Xi Jinping delivered a major speech. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC enriched and developed this thesis, further emphasizing that “it is because Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times works.” It can be seen that from the very beginning, the formulation of this thesis contained a historical perspective and dialectical logic for examining issues, embodying the historical wisdom of the Communist Party of China’s century-long struggle, namely, the high unity of adhering to theoretical innovation, adhering to the Party’s leadership, and adhering to the Chinese path.

在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上，习近平总书记总结回顾党百年奋斗的光辉历程，提出了“归根到底是因为马克思主义行”的论断，深刻阐明了“能”“行”“好”三者之间的辩证关系。党的二十大报告丰富和发展了这一论断，进一步强调“是中国化时代化的马克思主义行”。可见，这一论断的提出从一开始就蕴含着审视问题的历史视野、辩证逻辑，体现着中国共产党百年奋斗的历史智慧，即坚持理论创新、坚持党的领导和坚持中国道路的高度统一。

Adhering to theoretical innovation. Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for founding the Party and the country, and for rejuvenating the Party and the country. The fundamental reason why the Communist Party of China has been able to lead the people to accomplish arduous tasks that other political forces in China could not accomplish in repeated explorations and openings up lies in its adherence to emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and being realistic and pragmatic; its adherence to combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture; its treatment of Marxist theory as a guide to action rather than a dogma; and its formation of one innovative theoretical achievement after another, realizing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Only by continuously advancing theoretical innovation and constantly guiding new practice with innovative theories can Marxism radiate more vibrant vitality and forever “work.”

坚持理论创新。马克思主义是我们立党立国、兴党强国的根本指导思想。中国共产党之所以能够领导人民在一次次求索、一次次开拓中完成中国其他各种政治力量不可能完成的艰巨任务，根本在于坚持解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实，坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，把马克思主义理论作为行动指南而不是教条对待，形成了一个又一个的创新理论成果，实现了马克思主义的中国化时代化。只有不断推进理论创新，不断用创新理论指导新的实践，马克思主义才能焕发更鲜活的生命力，才能永远“行”。

Adhering to the Party’s leadership. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism cannot be treated abstractly or emptily; it cannot be treated as a slogan or a label. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism in China is most fundamentally about adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, because the Communist Party of China is a party that takes Marxism as its theoretical guide, and Marxism is the theoretical banner and soul of the Communist Party of China. Therefore, adhering to the guidance of Marxism cannot be separated from adhering to the Party’s leadership. To depart from adhering to the Party’s leadership would reduce adhering to the guidance of Marxism to an empty phrase.

坚持党的领导。坚持以马克思主义为指导，不能抽象、空洞地对待马克思主义，不能把坚持以马克思主义为指导作为一个口号、标签来对待。在中国坚持以马克思主义为指导，最根本的是要坚持中国共产党的领导，因为中国共产党是一个以马克思主义为理论指南的党，马克思主义是中国共产党的理论旗帜和灵魂。因此，坚持以马克思主义为指导，不能离开坚持党的领导。离开坚持党的领导，坚持以马克思主义为指导就会流于一句空话。

Adhering to the Chinese path. The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a path suited to China’s national conditions, explored by the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people, adhering to the guidance of Marxism, through long-term struggle. This path could not have been opened up without the Party’s leadership and the theoretical guidance of Marxism. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism and holding high the great banner of Marxism means, on the issue of path, firmly strengthening confidence in the path and unswervingly adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The successful opening up and continuous expansion of the Chinese path is a vivid practice proving that “in the final analysis, it is because Marxism works, and because Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times works.”

坚持中国道路。中国特色社会主义道路是中国共产党领导中国人民，坚持以马克思主义为指导，历经长期奋斗而探索出的一条适合中国国情的道路。这条道路离开党的领导、离开马克思主义的理论指导，是不可能被开辟出来的。坚持以马克思主义为指导，高举马克思主义伟大旗帜，在道路问题上就是要坚定道路自信，毫不动摇地坚持中国特色社会主义道路。中国道路的成功开辟和不断拓展，是对“归根到底是马克思主义行，是中国化时代化的马克思主义行”的生动实践。

3. It Clarifies the Fundamental Path for Marxism to Truly Play Its Role

3.明确马克思主义真正发挥作用的根本路径

As a scientific theory, Marxism points the way for the progress and development of human society and is a powerful ideological weapon for us to understand the world, grasp laws, pursue truth, and transform the world. Whether Marxism can play its role in practice, whether it works in reality, depends crucially on whether it can be applied to guide practice, whether it can achieve the combination of the basic principles of Marxism with the specific realities of a particular country and the characteristics of the times, realize the localization and adaptation to the times of Marxism, and whether it can be mastered by the masses of the people as a theoretical weapon.

马克思主义作为科学的理论，为人类社会发展进步指明了方向，是我们认识世界、把握规律、追求真理、改造世界的强大思想武器。马克思主义能不能在实践中发挥作用，在现实中行不行，关键在于它能否被应用于指导实践，能否实现把马克思主义基本原理同具体国别实际和时代特征相结合，实现马克思主义的本土化时代化发展，能否作为理论武器被人民群众所掌握。

Marxism can only “work” when it is applied in practice. As a scientific theory, Marxism can shine with the radiance of truth and play a guiding role in practice only when it is applied in practice. If it is merely shelved or remains at the level of empty talk, Marxism cannot possibly “work.” One important and fundamental reason why Marxism “works” in China is that Marxism is the fundamental guiding ideology for the founding of the Party and the state, it is held high by the Chinese Communist Party as its ideological banner, and the Party continuously advances the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times and uses it to guide practice.

马克思主义只有在实践中被应用才能“行”。马克思主义作为科学理论，只有在实践中被应用才能闪耀真理光芒，也才能发挥指导实践的作用。如果仅仅是被束之高阁，或者是停留于高谈阔论，马克思主义是不可能“行”的。马克思主义之所以在中国“行”，一个重要而根本的原因就在于，马克思主义是我们立党立国的根本指导思想，被中国共产党作为思想旗帜高高举起，党不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化并用以指导实践。

Marxism can only “work” when it achieves localization and adaptation to the times. Marxism possesses the theoretical character of advancing with the times; it does not end truth but opens the path to truth, and it must continuously develop with the progress of the times, practice, and science. Engels profoundly pointed out: “Marx’s whole world outlook is not a doctrine, but a method. It provides not ready-made dogmas, but starting points for further investigation and the method for such investigation.” [6]6 Friedrich Engels, “Letter to Werner Sombart,” March 11, 1895, in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, *Selected Correspondence* (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 549. Marxism can only “work” when it achieves localized and time-adapted development, enabling it to solve concrete problems under different national, ethnic, and temporal conditions. The reason Marxism “works” in China is that the Chinese Communist Party has always adhered to integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the fine traditional Chinese culture, insisted on using the “arrow” of Marxism to shoot at the “target” of China, and persisted in using the Marxist world outlook and methodology to observe the times, interpret the times, and lead the times, grasping the demands of the times and discerning the general trends of the times.

马克思主义只有实现本土化时代化才能“行”。马克思主义具有与时俱进的理论品格，它并没有结束真理，而是开辟了通向真理的道路，必须随着时代、实践和科学的发展而不断发展。恩格斯深刻指出：“马克思的整个世界观不是教义，而是方法。它提供的不是现成的教条，而是进一步研究的出发点和供这种研究使用的方法。”马克思主义只有实现本土化时代化发展，才能解决不同国家、不同民族、不同时代条件下的具体问题，才能被证明是“行”的。马克思主义之所以在中国“行”，就在于中国共产党始终坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际、中华优秀传统文化相结合，坚持用马克思主义之“矢”去射中国之“的”，坚持运用马克思主义的世界观和方法论去观察时代、解读时代、引领时代，把握时代发展要求，洞悉时代发展大势。

Marxism can only “work” when it is grasped by the masses of the people. Marxism is a theory that comes from the people, serves the people, and benefits the people; affinity to the people is the essential attribute of Marxism. For Marxism to play a role in practice, it must not only become a theoretical form close to the times and close to practice but must also grasp the people as the subject of practice, becoming the theoretical guide and program of action for the masses of the people. History is created by the masses of the people, and the masses of the people are the true masters of history. Without the practical application of the masses of the people, Marxism cannot become a powerful theoretical weapon for transforming the world, let alone generate the great force that creates history. Only when Marxism is grasped by the masses of the people and becomes their fundamental skill for undertaking endeavors can it radiate immense practical power. This means that for every step forward in theoretical innovation, theoretical arming must follow one step forward. Arming the masses of the people with scientific theory and advancing the popularization of Marxism is an important principle for Marxism to “work.”

马克思主义只有被人民群众所掌握才能“行”。马克思主义是来自人民、为了人民、造福人民的理论，人民性是马克思主义的本质属性。马克思主义要在实践中发挥作用，不仅自身要成为贴近时代、贴近实践的理论形态，而且要掌握人民这一实践主体，成为人民群众的理论指南和行动纲领。历史是人民群众创造的，人民群众是历史的真正主人。离开人民群众的实践运用，马克思主义不可能成为改造世界的强大理论武器，更不可能产生创造历史的伟大力量。马克思主义只有为人民群众所掌握，成为人民群众干事创业的看家本领，才能焕发出磅礴的实践伟力。这意味着，理论创新每前进一步，理论武装就要跟进一步。用科学的理论武装人民大众，推进马克思主义的大众化发展，是马克思主义“行”的重要遵循。

4. Pointing out the direction for strengthening the Party’s self-building and advancing the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era

4.指明新时代加强党自身建设和推进中国特色社会主义事业发展的前进方向

Grasping the close inherent logical connection among “can,” “works,” and “is good” is of great significance for advancing the development of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and strengthening the self-building of the Chinese Communist Party in the New Era. From the perspective of guiding ideology and theoretical innovation, the focus lies in achieving the following aspects.

把握“能”“行”“好”三者之间紧密的内在逻辑关联，对于新时代推进中国特色社会主义事业发展，加强中国共产党自身建设具有重要意义。从指导思想和理论创新的层面来讲，重点在于做到以下几个方面。

Strengthen confidence in the theory. Reviewing modern Chinese history, it can be found that the fate of Marxism is closely linked with the fate of the Chinese Communist Party, the fate of the Chinese people, and the fate of the Chinese nation. Its scientific nature and truth have been fully tested in China, its affinity to the people and practicality have been fully implemented in China, and its openness and contemporaneity have been fully demonstrated in China. It is entirely correct that history and the people chose Marxism, it is entirely correct that the Chinese Communist Party inscribed Marxism on its banner, and it is entirely correct that the Party adheres to integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and the fine traditional Chinese culture, continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Embarking on the new journey, to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country in building a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieving the Second Centenary Goal, [7]7 The Second Centenary Goal refers to the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (2049). and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to strengthen confidence in the theory of Marxism.

坚定理论自信。回顾中国近现代历史可以发现，马克思主义的命运同中国共产党的命运、中国人民的命运、中华民族的命运紧紧连在一起，它的科学性和真理性在中国得到了充分检验，人民性和实践性在中国得到了充分贯彻，开放性和时代性在中国得到了充分彰显。历史和人民选择马克思主义是完全正确的，中国共产党把马克思主义写在自己的旗帜上是完全正确的，坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合,不断推进马克思主义中国化时代化是完全正确的。踏上新征程，团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，必须坚定对马克思主义的理论自信。

Advance the strengthening of the Party through theory. As a Marxist political party, the Chinese Communist Party and Marxist theory mutually achieve each other. On the one hand, since its founding, the Chinese Communist Party has adhered to taking Marxism as its fundamental guiding ideology, arming the entire Party with Marxist theory, and regarding Marxism as its fundamental skill. On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party places great emphasis on building the Party through ideology and strengthening the Party through theory, treating science with a scientific attitude and pursuing truth with the spirit of truth, continuously promoting the innovative development of Marxism, and continuously forming innovative theoretical achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. Possessing the guidance of Marxist scientific theory is the distinct political character and strong political advantage of the Chinese Communist Party. To advance Party building, it is necessary to unswervingly persist in arming the entire Party with the latest achievements of Marxism and advance the construction of strengthening the Party through theory.

推进理论强党。中国共产党作为一个马克思主义政党，与马克思主义理论之间相互成就。一方面，中国共产党自创立伊始，就坚持把马克思主义作为根本指导思想，用马克思主义理论武装全党，把马克思主义作为看家本领。另一方面，中国共产党十分重视思想建党、理论强党，以科学的态度对待科学、以真理的精神追求真理，不断推进马克思主义创新发展，不断形成马克思主义中国化时代化创新理论成果。拥有马克思主义科学理论指导是中国共产党鲜明的政治品格和强大的政治优势。推进党的建设，就要毫不动摇坚持用马克思主义最新成果武装全党，推进理论强党建设。

Enhance the consciousness of action. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism must ultimately be implemented in how it is used. In contemporary China, adhering to the guidance of Marxism must be implemented in studying the major theoretical and practical issues facing China’s development and our Party’s governance, in proposing correct ideas and effective methods to solve problems, and in enhancing the consciousness of applying, developing, and innovating theory. It is necessary to firmly grasp the world outlook and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, uphold and apply the positions, viewpoints, and methods that run through it, adhere to putting the people first, maintaining self-confidence and self-reliance, upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, taking a problem-oriented approach, applying systems thinking, and maintaining a global vision, continuously improve the ability for strategic, historical, dialectical, systematic, innovative, rule-of-law, and bottom-line thinking, and properly respond to complex and ever-changing actual situations.

增强行动自觉。坚持以马克思主义为指导，最终要落实到怎么用上来。在当代中国，坚持以马克思主义为指导，必须落到研究我国发展和我们党执政面临的重大理论和实践问题上来，落到提出解决问题的正确思路和有效办法上来，增进运用理论、发展理论、创新理论的自觉。要牢牢把握习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论，坚持好、运用好贯穿其中的立场观点方法，坚持人民至上、坚持自信自立、坚持守正创新、坚持问题导向、坚持系统观念、坚持胸怀天下，不断提高战略思维、历史思维、辩证思维、系统思维、创新思维、法治思维、底线思维能力，妥善应对纷繁复杂的实际情况。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗