Manifesting the Mighty Power of the Manned Spaceflight Spirit on the New Journey of the New Era

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “A person cannot stand without spirit, and a country cannot be strong without spirit. Only when a nation stands firm and steady in spirit can it remain unyielding and ride the tide in the torrent of history.” [1]1 A Chinese idiom expressing determination to face danger head-on, often used to describe a fearless and resolute attitude. Over the more than one hundred years of its struggle, the Party has withstood various tests of risk, paid enormous sacrifices, tempered its distinct political character, and formed a spiritual genealogy with the great founding spirit of the Party as its source; the manned spaceflight spirit is one of these precious spiritual treasures.

习近平总书记指出：“人无精神则不立，国无精神则不强。唯有精神上站得住、站得稳，一个民族才能在历史洪流中屹立不倒、挺立潮头。”党在百余年奋斗历程中，经受住各种风险考验、付出巨大牺牲，锤炼出了鲜明政治品格，形成了以伟大建党精神为源头的精神谱系，载人航天精神就是其中的一笔宝贵精神财富。

The starry sky is vast and boundless, and exploration knows no end. Since the implementation of the manned spaceflight program, the vast number of space personnel have kept their mission in mind, lived up to their trust, and cultivated and forged the manned spaceflight spirit of “being especially capable of enduring hardship, especially capable of fighting, especially capable of tackling key problems, and especially capable of dedication.” [2]2 A quotation from Xi Jinping, frequently cited in official discourse to emphasize the importance of innovation. Great undertakings give birth to great spirits, and great spirits accomplish great undertakings. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that the central task of the Communist Party of China on the new journey of the New Era is “to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups across the country to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country, achieve the second centenary goal, and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.” The manned spaceflight spirit will surely contribute powerful spiritual strength to advancing Chinese-path modernization on the new journey of the New Era.

星空浩瀚无比，探索永无止境。实施载人航天工程以来，广大航天人牢记使命、不负重托，培育铸就了“特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能攻关、特别能奉献”的载人航天精神。伟大的事业孕育伟大的精神，伟大的精神成就伟大的事业。党的二十大报告指出，新时代新征程中国共产党的中心任务是“团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”。载人航天精神必将为新时代新征程推进中国式现代化贡献强大的精神力量。

I

一

The “being especially capable of enduring hardship” in the manned spaceflight spirit was condensed by Chinese space personnel under the heavy pressures of harsh natural environments and weak technological foundations. Chinese space personnel have fully integrated the spirit of “enduring hardship” into the development of China’s manned spaceflight cause. With a tenacious fighting spirit and unyielding will, they broke through and rose up amidst layers of blockade, caught up from a late start and weak foundation, stirred up lofty aspirations in difficult and arduous conditions, and achieved self-reliance and self-strengthening and broke through limits by being willing to endure hardship and sharing hardships together, creating brilliant achievements in China’s space industry. “Being especially capable of enduring hardship” both inherits the traditional virtue of hard work and endurance of the Chinese nation and manifests the spiritual pursuit of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people in arduous struggle and self-reliance. The verses frequently quoted by General Secretary Xi Jinping, such as “Hardship and difficulty temper one to success” and “The edge of a sword comes from grinding; the fragrance of plum blossoms comes from bitter cold,” [3]3 A classical allusion from the *Zhouyi* (Book of Changes), referring to the virtue of constant self-renewal and progress. all embody the spiritual demeanor and willpower of the Chinese nation in hard work, endurance, and unremitting self-improvement. This spiritual will has allowed Chinese civilization to continue uninterrupted for over five thousand years. It is also this spirit of “being especially capable of enduring hardship” that has enabled our Party to cut through thorns and thistles, break through difficulties and obstacles, and achieve ultimate victory on many occasions of crisis.

载人航天精神中的“特别能吃苦”，是中国航天人在自然环境恶劣、技术底子薄弱的重重压力下凝结而成的。中国航天人把“吃苦”精神充分融入我国载人航天事业发展中，他们以顽强拼搏的斗志、坚韧不拔的意志，在重重封锁中突围奋起，在起步晚、底子差的基础上奋起直追，在艰难困苦的条件环境中激扬起豪情，在甘于吃苦、同甘共苦中实现自立自强、突破极限，创造了中国航天事业的辉煌成就。“特别能吃苦”既传承了中华民族吃苦耐劳的传统美德，又彰显了中国共产党带领中国人民艰苦奋斗、自力更生的精神追求。习近平总书记多次引用的“艰难困苦，玉汝于成”“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来”等诗句，都体现了中华民族吃苦耐劳、自强不息的精神风貌和意志品德，这种精神意志让中华文明历经五千多年而不间断。也正是这种“特别能吃苦”的精神，使我们党在多次危难之际能披荆斩棘、冲破艰难险阻并取得最终胜利。

In advancing the process of Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to further promote the spirit of “being especially capable of enduring hardship.” Comprehensively building a modern socialist country and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is a great and arduous undertaking. On the road forward, various difficulties, risks, and challenges will emerge, and many deep-seated contradictions in reform, development, and stability cannot be avoided or bypassed. The Chinese nation, having undergone the baptism of hardships, has become stronger in cohesion and centripetal force, and its material and spiritual wealth has become richer. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in front of the Youth Cave of the Red Flag Canal in Anyang, Henan: “The younger generation must inherit and carry forward the spirit of hard work, endurance, self-reliance, and arduous struggle, discard arrogance and extravagance, and inscribe their youthful blood and sweat on the monument of history just like our fathers’ generation did.” [4]4 A classical saying from the *Great Learning* (*Daxue*), attributed to the Shang dynasty founder Tang, emphasizing continuous self-improvement. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC points out: “Grasp the fundamental plan of having successors, improve the normalized working mechanism for cultivating and selecting outstanding young cadres, and take training and growth at the grassroots level and in arduous areas as an important way to cultivate young cadres.” The “being especially capable of enduring hardship” in the manned spaceflight spirit means that the more one faces difficulties, risks, and challenges, the less one should retreat or give in, and the more one must stimulate the determination and courage to overcome hardship, conquer hardship, and master hardship. “The more arduous the conditions, the greater the difficulties, and the more contradictions there are, the more it can temper people.” [5]5 A slogan popularized in Chinese political rhetoric to highlight the necessity of innovation for success. It is necessary to carry forward the spirit of “being especially capable of enduring hardship,” not to avoid difficulties or shirk responsibilities, to go to the grassroots level and arduous areas, to temper Party spirit, sharpen will, and improve ability in front-line posts and key technological breakthroughs, and to devote oneself wholeheartedly to the Party’s great cause.

在推进中国式现代化进程中要进一步弘扬“特别能吃苦”的精神。全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，是一项伟大而艰巨的事业，在前进道路上会出现各种困难、风险、挑战，改革发展稳定面临的不少深层次矛盾躲不开、绕不过。历经磨难洗礼的中华民族，凝聚力、向心力更加坚强，物质和精神财富更加丰富。习近平总书记在河南安阳红旗渠青年洞前强调，“年轻一代要继承和发扬吃苦耐劳、自力更生、艰苦奋斗的精神，摒弃骄娇二气，像我们的父辈一样把青春热血镌刻在历史的丰碑上”。党的二十大报告指出：“抓好后继有人这个根本大计，健全培养选拔优秀年轻干部常态化工作机制，把到基层和艰苦地区锻炼成长作为年轻干部培养的重要途径。”载人航天精神中的“特别能吃苦”就是越面对困难、风险、挑战，越不能退缩让步，越要激发克服艰苦、战胜艰苦、驾驭艰苦的决心和勇气。“越是条件艰苦、困难大、矛盾多的地方，越能锤炼人”，要发扬“特别能吃苦”精神，事不避难、义不逃责，到基层和艰苦地区，在一线岗位和关键技术攻关中锤炼党性、砥砺意志、提高能力，全身心投入党的伟大事业。

II

二

The “being especially capable of fighting” in the manned spaceflight spirit was condensed by Chinese space personnel in solving extremely difficult and highly challenging problems in the development of the space industry. It is precisely this spirit of “fighting” that enabled Chinese space personnel, when facing the manned spaceflight program—the largest in scale, the most complex in system, the highest in technical difficulty, the strictest in reliability requirements, and the greatest in risk and challenge—to adopt a fighting posture of “revolution plus desperate struggle,” overcome countless problems in the launch and development of spacecraft, the establishment of launch platforms and institutions, and the training and selection of astronauts, and establish a world-leading manned spaceflight system. “Being especially capable of fighting” both inherits the spiritual tradition of the Chinese nation in facing difficulties head-on and is a vivid portrayal of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people in daring to struggle and being good at struggle. General

载人航天精神中的“特别能战斗”，是中国航天人在破解航天事业发展中难度极大、挑战极高的难题中凝结而成的。正是这种“战斗”精神，使得中国航天人在面对规模最庞大、系统最复杂、技术难度最高、可靠性要求最严和风险挑战最大的载人航天工程时，以“革命加拼命”的战斗姿态，战胜了航天器发射及研制、发射平台及机构建立、航天员培训及选拔等环节中的无数个难题，建立起世界领先的载人航天系统。“特别能战斗”，既传承了中华民族迎难而上的精神传统，又是中国共产党带领中国人民敢于斗争、善于斗争的生动写照。习近平总书记指出：“中华民族历史上经历过很多磨难，但从来没有被压垮过，而是愈挫愈勇，不断在磨难中成长、从磨难中奋起。”一部中国历史就是中华民族与各种灾难、磨难战斗的历史，“特别能战斗”就是在争生存、求发展中民族精神的凝练和升华。“为有牺牲多壮志，敢教日月换新天。”百余年间，我们党不怕牺牲、英勇斗争，带领全体中国人民取得一个又一个伟大胜利，取得了举世瞩目的重大成就。

In advancing the process of Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to further promote the spirit of "being especially capable of fighting." At present, China's development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risk challenges coexist, and uncertain and unpredictable factors are increasing. It is especially necessary to carry forward the fighting spirit, master fighting strategies, and hone fighting skills, relying on tenacious struggle to open up new horizons for the cause. The "being especially capable of fighting" in the manned spaceflight spirit is the accumulation of a spirit of taking responsibility and daring to struggle, striving to become stronger in the face of a blank slate, numerous obstacles, and harsh environments. On the new journey of the New Era, it is necessary to face the complex and severe domestic and international situations, as well as various predictable and unpredictable risk challenges, with the spirit of "being especially capable of fighting." We must strengthen the determination and fighting spirit of "knowing there are tigers in the mountains, yet preferring to go toward the mountains,"[1]1 A Chinese idiom expressing determination to face danger head-on, often used to describe a fearless and resolute attitude. being willing to give it our all at critical moments, daring to think, dare to break new ground, dare to act, dare to take responsibility, not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, and not fearing pressure. We must undergo training and tempering in various struggles, gain experience and wisdom through practical training, advance in the face of difficulties, meet challenges head-on, and do our utmost to overcome all difficulties and challenges on the road ahead.

在推进中国式现代化进程中要进一步弘扬“特别能战斗”的精神。当前，我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期，特别需要发扬斗争精神、掌握斗争策略、练就斗争本领，依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地。载人航天精神中的“特别能战斗”就是在一片空白、阻碍重重、环境恶劣情况下发奋图强的担当作为，敢于斗争的精神积淀。新时代新征程要以“特别能战斗”的精神面对国内外复杂严峻形势以及各种可以预料和难以预料的风险挑战，坚定“明知山有虎，偏向虎山行”的决心和斗志，关键时候豁得出去，敢想敢闯敢干，敢作为敢担当，不信邪、不怕鬼、不怕压，在各种斗争中经受锻炼磨砺，在实践历练中增长经验智慧，知难而进、迎难而上，全力战胜前进道路上各种困难和挑战。

III

三

The "being especially capable of tackling key problems" in the manned spaceflight spirit was condensed by Chinese aerospace personnel in the process of carrying out a large amount of independent innovation to break through key core technologies. Chinese aerospace personnel fully embodied the characteristic of "tackling key problems" in the practice of the manned spaceflight project. On the basis of weak technological reserves and production capacity, they leveraged the advantage of the nationwide system to concentrate forces and coordinate efforts to tackle key problems, systematically overcoming huge technological gaps and manufacturing difficulties, and contributing unique Chinese solutions and Chinese wisdom to the world's aerospace history. "Being especially capable of tackling key problems" not only inherits the deepest national endowment of the Chinese nation—pioneering and innovating—but is also an important manifestation of the Chinese Communist Party leading the people to emancipate their minds and forge ahead with keen determination. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible driving force for a country's prosperity and development."[2]2 A quotation from Xi Jinping, frequently cited in official discourse to emphasize the importance of innovation. The Chinese nation is a great nation rich in the spirit of innovation. Daring to tackle key problems and being good at innovation are the distinctive endowments of the Chinese nation. From "the daily renewal is called abundant virtue"[3]3 A classical allusion from the *Zhouyi* (Book of Changes), referring to the virtue of constant self-renewal and progress. to "innovation is the soul of a nation's progress," from "if you can renew yourself for one day, renew yourself daily, and renew yourself again and again"[4]4 A classical saying from the *Great Learning* (*Daxue*), attributed to the Shang dynasty founder Tang, emphasizing continuous self-improvement. to "only innovators advance, only innovators are strong, only innovators win,"[5]5 A slogan popularized in Chinese political rhetoric to highlight the necessity of innovation for success. all of these embody the Chinese nation's ability to overcome difficulties and its will and character in innovation and creation. The hundred-year journey of our Party is an epic of continuous pioneering and innovation, a great practice in which the Party leads the people to continuously advance theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and innovation in all other aspects.

载人航天精神中的“特别能攻关”，是中国航天人在进行大量自主创新以突破关键核心技术的过程中凝结而成的。中国航天人把“攻关”特质充分体现在载人航天工程实践中，在薄弱技术储备和生产能力基础上，发挥举国体制优势、集中力量协同攻关，系统性地攻克了巨大技术空白和制造难关，贡献出世界航天史上独特的中国方案、中国智慧。“特别能攻关”，既传承了中华民族开拓创新这一最深沉的民族禀赋，又是中国共产党带领中国人民解放思想、锐意进取的重要体现。习近平总书记指出：“创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。”中华民族是富有创新精神的伟大民族，敢于攻关、善于创新是中华民族的鲜明禀赋，从“日新之谓盛德”到“创新是一个民族进步的灵魂”，从“苟日新，日日新，又日新”到“惟创新者进，惟创新者强，惟创新者胜”，无不体现着中华民族创新创造的攻坚克难能力与意志品质。我们党的百年征程就是一部不断开拓创新的史诗，是党领导人民不断推进理论创新、实践创新、制度创新、文化创新以及其他各方面创新的伟大实践。

In advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to further promote the spirit of "being especially capable of tackling key problems." At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is advancing rapidly, interdisciplinary integration is continuously developing, the paradigm of scientific research is undergoing profound changes, and science and technology are accelerating their penetration and integration with economic and social development. China's economic and social development and the improvement of people's livelihoods need scientific and technological solutions more than ever before. "Core and key technologies cannot be obtained by asking, buying, or begging." Achieving high-quality development, high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and "highly developed productive forces with immense material abundance" all urgently require strengthening innovation as the primary driving force, and securing key technologies in our own hands from the strategic height of coordinating national security and development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that the vast number of aerospace science and technology workers must firmly grasp strategic opportunities, adhere to innovation-driven development, bravely scale the heights of science and technology, write a new chapter in China's aerospace industry, and make greater contributions to serving the overall situation of national development and enhancing the well-being of humanity. "Aerospace science and technology is an important field of scientific and technological progress and innovation, and aerospace science and technological achievements are an important indicator of a country's scientific and technological level and capability. The innovative achievements made in aerospace science and technology have greatly inspired the innovation conviction and confidence of the Chinese people and provided a powerful incentive for innovation and creation across society." "Being especially capable of tackling key problems" has enabled China's aerospace industry to achieve leapfrog development and establish world-leading standards and norms. The improvement and perfection of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources will also inspire more scientists and scientific and technological workers to shoulder historical responsibilities, target world-class levels with a problem-oriented and demand-oriented approach, march toward science and technology with a new posture, "write papers on the motherland's soil," strive to achieve more breakthroughs "from 0 to 1," and write new glories for the Chinese nation in the history of human science and technology.

在推进中国式现代化进程中要进一步弘扬“特别能攻关”的精神。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革突飞猛进，学科交叉融合不断发展，科学研究范式发生深刻变革，科学技术和经济社会发展加速渗透融合，我国经济社会发展和民生改善比过去任何时候都更加需要科学技术解决方案。“关键核心技术是要不来、买不来、讨不来的”，实现高质量发展、高水平科技自立自强以及“生产力高度发达，物质财富极大丰富”都更加迫切需要增强创新这个第一动力，从统筹国家安全和发展的高度把关键技术掌握在自己手里。习近平总书记指出，广大航天科技工作者要牢牢抓住战略机遇，坚持创新驱动发展，勇攀科技高峰，谱写中国航天事业新篇章，为服务国家发展大局和增进人类福祉作出更大贡献。“航天科技是科技进步和创新的重要领域，航天科技成就是国家科技水平和科技能力的重要标志。航天科技取得的创新成果极大鼓舞了中国人民的创新信念和信心，为全社会创新创造提供了强大激励”。“特别能攻关”推动中国航天事业实现了跨越式发展，建立领先世界的标准规范，新型举国体制的健全和完善也将激发更多科学家和科技工作者肩负起历史责任，以问题导向、需求导向瞄准世界一流，以新的姿态向科学技术进军，“把论文写在祖国大地上”，努力实现更多“从0到1”的突破，在人类科技史上书写中华民族新辉煌。

IV

四

The "being especially capable of dedication" within the manned spaceflight spirit is condensed from the relay struggle and selfless dedication of youth and even lives by generations of Chinese aerospace personnel. It is precisely by adhering to this "dedication" character flowing in their blood that Chinese aerospace personnel have, for decades, "sacrificed the small family for the big family" in the manned spaceflight endeavor, erecting a spiritual monument for the Chinese nation to conquer the sea of stars and stand proudly among the world's nations. "Being especially capable of dedication" inherits the fine qualities of the Chinese nation, such as sacrificing one's life for righteousness and putting public interests before private ones, and also manifests the spirit of Chinese Communists to seek happiness for the Chinese people, rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, progress for humanity, and harmony for the world. When meeting with the astronauts of the Shenzhou-10 manned spaceflight mission and representatives of the participating research and testing personnel, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The vast number of aerospace personnel have demonstrated firm ideals and convictions, high patriotic enthusiasm, a strong sense of responsibility, and a good mental outlook." The Chinese nation is a nation with a great spirit of dedication. The painstaking efforts of "bending every effort and exerting oneself to the utmost until death" [6], the concern for the country and people of "being the first to worry about the world's troubles and the last to enjoy its pleasures" [7], the sacrifice for righteousness of "since ancient times, no one has escaped death; let me leave a loyal heart shining in the annals of history" [8], and the dedication character of "the spring silkworm's thread ends only when it dies; the candle's tears dry only when it turns to ashes" [9] all fully embody the dedication spirit of the Chinese nation. In the Party's more than one hundred years of struggle, it is precisely because of the selfless dedication of groups such as revolutionary martyrs who shed blood and sacrificed their lives, meritorious models who worked hard in obscurity, and public servants who did practical things for the people that our Party has been able to lead the people to achieve one human miracle after another that will be recorded in history.

载人航天精神中的“特别能奉献”，是中国航天人在一代代接力奋斗、无悔奉献青春年华甚至生命中凝结而成的。正是秉承这种血液中流淌着的“奉献”品格，中国航天人在载人航天事业中几十年如一日“舍小家为大家”，树立起中华民族征服星空之海、屹立世界民族之林的精神丰碑。“特别能奉献”，传承了中华民族舍生取义、公而忘私的优良品质，也彰显了中国共产党人为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴、为人类谋进步、为世界谋大同的精神。习近平总书记在会见神舟十号载人飞行任务航天员和参研参试人员代表时指出：“广大航天人展现出了坚定的理想信念、高昂的爱国热情、强烈的责任担当、良好的精神风貌。”中华民族是一个具有伟大奉献精神的民族，“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”的呕心沥血，“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的忧国忧民，“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青”的舍生取义，“春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干”的奉献品格等都充分体现了中华民族的奉献精神。在党的百余年奋斗历程中，正是因为有抛头颅洒热血的革命先烈、埋头苦干的功勋模范、为群众办实事的人民公仆等群体的无私奉献，我们党才能带领人民取得一个又一个彪炳史册的人间奇迹。

In advancing Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to further promote the spirit of "being especially capable of dedication." Today's world is not peaceful; global problems are intensifying, the balance of international forces is undergoing profound adjustment, global governance is severely lacking, and multiple crises such as food and energy are overlapping. In the complex and changing environment of world conditions, national conditions, and Party conditions, building a modern socialist country in all respects and comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation "is absolutely not something that can be achieved easily or by beating gongs and drums" [10], and "modernization on the path of peaceful development" is by no means a smooth road. We must both seek our own development while firmly safeguarding world peace and development, and also better safeguard world peace and development through our own development and high-quality development. All of this requires more arduous and more strenuous efforts. The patriotic feelings and global vision displayed by "being especially capable of dedication" in the manned spaceflight spirit, the conscious linking of personal development with the fate of the motherland and the interests of the people, the disregard for personal gains and losses, and the selfless sacrifice and dedication highlight distinct characteristics of the times, open a new chapter in China's aerospace industry, and mark a new height of spiritual strength. On the new journey of carrying out the great struggle, building the great project, advancing the great cause, and realizing the great dream, we especially need to adopt the posture of "being especially capable of dedication," transform the spiritual qualities of being indifferent to fame and fortune and selfless dedication into forward momentum, and transform the great spiritual wealth into an inexhaustible material creative force.

在推进中国式现代化进程中要进一步弘扬“特别能奉献”的精神。当今世界并不太平，全球性问题加剧，国际力量对比深刻调整，全球治理严重缺失，粮食和能源等多重危机叠加。在世情国情党情纷繁复杂环境下，全面建成社会主义现代化强国、全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，“绝不是轻轻松松、敲锣打鼓就能实现的”，“走和平发展道路的现代化”也绝非一路坦途。我们既要在坚定维护世界和平与发展中谋求自身发展，也要以自身发展、高质量发展更好维护世界和平与发展，这都需要付出更为艰巨、更为艰苦的努力。载人航天精神中的“特别能奉献”所展现出来的爱国情怀、世界胸怀，自觉将个人发展同祖国命运、人民利益紧密联系起来，不计个人得失、忘我牺牲奉献，凸显了鲜明的时代特质，开启我国航天事业的新篇章，标刻精神力量新高度。在进行伟大斗争、建设伟大工程、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想新征程上，我们尤其要以“特别能奉献”的姿态，把淡泊名利、无私奉献的精神品质转化为前进动力，将伟大的精神财富转化成为源源不绝的物质创造力。

(Author: Xu Chuan, Distinguished Researcher of the Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Xi

（作者：徐川，系江苏省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员、南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院教授）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心