“Harnessing Capital” and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “capital is an important factor of production in the socialist market economy. Regulating and guiding the development of capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy is both a major economic issue and a major political issue, both a major practical issue and a major theoretical issue.” [1]1 Quoted from Xi Jinping’s speech at the 38th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee on April 29, 2022, on the topic of regulating and guiding capital development. It is thus evident that the question of “harnessing capital” in socialist society—namely, why capital must be developed and utilized, how to regulate and guide its healthy development, and how to control and avoid its negative effects—is increasingly becoming a major issue of the times that urgently requires a scientific answer.

习近平总书记指出，“资本是社会主义市场经济的重要生产要素，在社会主义市场经济条件下规范和引导资本发展，既是一个重大经济问题、也是一个重大政治问题，既是一个重大实践问题、也是一个重大理论问题”。可见，社会主义社会“驾驭资本”的问题即为何要发展和利用资本、如何规范和引导资本健康发展、如何控制和规避其消极作用的问题，日益成为亟须科学回答的重大时代课题。

The Prerequisite for Harnessing Capital: Transforming the Mode of Modernization Development

驾驭资本的前提：变革现代化发展方式

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in October 2022. points out that Chinese-path modernization is socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China, which shares the common features of modernization in all countries but is more characterized by Chinese features based on its own national conditions. The reason why Chinese-path modernization is a dialectical unity of following the general laws of modernization and possessing Chinese characteristics lies in the fact that the Communist Party of China leads the Chinese people, relying on the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, to rationally harness capital, bring its positive role into play while controlling its negative effects, so as to promote the development of people and society. From the perspective of the general laws of modernization, capital plays an indispensable driving role in the modernization process of all countries. Our transcendence of the Western capital-centered modernization does not mean completely negating capital, but rather rationally utilizing and controlling capital to serve the development of socialist modernization. From the perspective of the Chinese characteristics of Chinese-path modernization, the issue of capital becomes even more complex, requiring a concrete grasp of the similarities and differences in the characteristics, laws, and positioning of capital under the two social systems. Chinese-path modernization harnesses capital by positioning it as an “important factor of production” to serve the comprehensive development of people and society. The crux of the issue still lies in the social positioning of capital: whether modernization development is constrained by the logic of capital, or whether capital factors serve modernization development.

党的二十大报告指出，中国式现代化，是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化，既有各国现代化的共同特征，更有基于自己国情的中国特色。中国式现代化之所以是遵循现代化的一般规律与具有中国特色的辩证统一，关键在于中国共产党领导中国人民依靠中国特色社会主义制度合理地驾驭资本，发挥资本的积极作用，同时控制其消极作用，以促进人与社会发展。从现代化的一般规律来看，资本在各国现代化进程中都发挥着必不可少的动力作用。我们超越西方以资本为中心的现代化，并不是要彻底否弃资本，而是要合理利用和控制资本为发展社会主义现代化服务。而从中国式现代化的中国特色来看，资本问题就更为复杂，需要具体把握两种社会制度下资本特性、规律和定位的相似性与差异性。中国式现代化驾驭资本，是将资本定位为“重要生产要素”来服务于人与社会的全面发展。问题的关键还是在于资本的社会定位问题：是现代化发展受制于资本逻辑，还是资本要素服务于现代化发展。

This reflects the historical and concrete unity of the general laws of world modernization and the special laws of Chinese-path modernization. The reason this unity can be achieved is precisely because, at the prerequisite level, a transformation of development concepts and development modes has been realized: implementing the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing is the necessary path for China’s development and growth in the New Era. [3]3 The New Era refers to the period following the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017, marking a new historical juncture for China’s development under Xi Jinping’s leadership. Proposing and implementing the new development concepts, striving to promote high-quality development, and promoting the construction of a new development pattern signify a profound transformation from modernization development concepts to development modes. From the perspective of Marxist social development theory, implementing the new development concepts and promoting high-quality development essentially means advancing the “immanent transcendence” of the modernization development mode, sublating one-sided development forms, and constructing a more comprehensive “new modernization.”

这体现了世界现代化一般规律与中国式现代化特殊规律历史的、具体的统一。之所以能够实现这种统一，正是因为在前提上就实现了发展理念与发展方式的转换：贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念是新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路。提出并贯彻新发展理念，着力推进高质量发展，推动构建新发展格局，意味着从现代化发展理念到发展方式上的深刻变革。从马克思主义社会发展理论视角来看，贯彻新发展理念和推进高质量发展，其实质就是推进现代化发展方式的“内在超越”，扬弃片面化的发展形式，建构一种更为全面的“新现代化”。

The immanent transcendence of the modernization development mode is the sublation of one-sided development models and the exploration of a more comprehensive development mode. The transcendence of the development concepts and modes of various countries, especially Western modernization, is by no means a complete negation of existing modernization achievements, but rather, based on the actual conditions of the world modernization process and China’s own national conditions, taking a path of immanent transcendence in modernization development. It transcends a deformed, incomplete, and one-sided modernization toward a healthy, complete, and comprehensive modernization. One-sided modernization is a development mode that moves from “rationalization” to “irrationality,” whose root lies in: the market mechanism dominated by the logic of capital permeates and dominates all social life, excludes people’s participation and sharing, and regards both individuals and society as instrumental elements for capital accumulation. In contrast, comprehensive modernization is truly rational development: the whole of social life regards the comprehensive development of people as an end in itself, and the whole society achieves effective control and rational utilization of the logic of capital.

现代化发展方式的内在超越，是对片面发展模式的扬弃和对更加全面的发展方式的探索。对于世界各国尤其是西方现代化发展理念和发展方式的超越，绝不是对既有现代化成果的全盘否弃，而是立足于世界现代化进程和中国自身国情的现实条件，走一条内在超越的现代化发展道路。超越畸形、残缺、片面发展的现代化，而走向一种健康、完整、全面发展的现代化。片面发展的现代化是一种由“合理化”走向“反理性”的发展方式，其根源在于：资本逻辑主导的市场机制渗透和支配整个社会生活，排斥人民的参与共享，将个人和社会都视作资本积累的工具性要素。与此相反，全面发展的现代化则是真正的理性发展：整个社会生活将人的全面发展当作目的本身，整个社会对资本逻辑实现了有效控制和合理利用。

The reason why the immanent transcendence of the modernization development mode can be achieved lies in the dialectical distinction between the “social form” and the “material content” in modernization development. The reason why Chinese-path modernization is a more comprehensive modernization is that it implements the new development concepts, overcomes and sublates the capitalist form of Western modernization, inherits and develops the modern civilizational achievements it has created, and explores and releases the emancipatory potential contained therein. A key thread in the process of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times is the process by which China’s socialist practice consciously “appropriates” and “absorbs” the modern civilizational achievements created by humanity, and continuously moves toward “creating” a new form of human civilization. This is also the historical process of the specific social form of socialism continuously combining with the universal material content, i.e., modern civilizational achievements: China’s socialist system has successively combined with modern civilizational achievements such as the nation-state, the market economy, and capital factors. The process by which Chinese-path modernization creates a new form of human civilization also confirms and deepens the world-historical trend, revealed by Marxism, of modern civilizational achievements being separated from capitalism and combined with socialism. Based on this, Chinese-path modernization can rationally guide capital’s self-sublation, control its antagonistic, divisive, and alienating forms, and bring into play its role in creating great civilization.

现代化发展方式内在超越之所以能够实现，关键在于辩证地区分现代化发展中的“社会形式”与“物质内容”。中国式现代化之所以是更为全面的现代化，就在于其贯彻新发展理念，克服和扬弃西方现代化的资本主义形式，继承和发展其创造的现代文明成果，发掘和释放其中蕴含的解放潜能。马克思主义中国化时代化进程的一条关键脉络就是中国的社会主义实践自觉“占有”“吸收”人类创造的现代文明成果，并持续走向“创造”人类文明新形态的过程，也就是社会主义的特定社会形式不断与普遍物质内容即现代文明成果相结合的历史过程：中国的社会主义制度先后与民族国家、市场经济、资本要素等现代文明成果相结合。中国式现代化创造人类文明新形态的过程，也确证和深化了马克思主义所揭示的现代文明成果与资本主义剥离、与社会主义结合的世界历史趋势。基于此，中国式现代化才能合理引导资本自身扬弃，控制其对抗分裂异化形式，发挥其伟大文明创造作用。

The Key to Harnessing Capital: Preventing the “Totalizing” Expansion of Capital

驾驭资本的关键：防止资本“总体化”膨胀

The innovation of Chinese-path modernization in development concepts and development modes is reflected in the scientific understanding of the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, especially in the repositioning of the nature, function, and status of capital in the socialist market economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “we must understand and grasp the various types of capital and their roles in our society historically, developmentally, and dialectically. Under the socialist market economy system, capital is an important link that drives the agglomeration and allocation of various production factors and an important force for promoting the development of social productive forces. We must give full play to the positive role of capital in promoting the development of social productive forces. At the same time, it must be recognized that capital has a profit-seeking nature. If not regulated and constrained, it will bring immeasurable harm to economic and social development.” [4]4 Same source as note [1]. This is, in fact, a profound grasp of the dialectical duality of capital from the perspective of historical materialism, providing a scientific socialist positioning of capital. Furthermore, how to ensure that Chinese-path modernization is people-centered rather than capital-centered? The fundamental guarantee is, of course, to uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system with public ownership as the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership developing together. On this basis, a key practical strategy is precisely to set up “traffic lights” for capital, preventing its barbaric growth and disorderly expansion. This essentially means avoiding the totalizing expansion of capital into an “economic power that dominates everything,” i.e., the “universal light,” [5]5 “Universal light” (普照的光) is a metaphor used by Marx in the *Grundrisse* to describe how a dominant mode of production shapes all other aspects of society. preventing the exchange of capital with public power in various fields such as politics, culture, and society, regulating capital as a “limited existence,” overcoming and transcending the chronic ailment of Western modernization centered on capital, and thereby promoting the immanent transcendence of the modernization development mode.

中国式现代化在发展理念与发展方式上的革新，体现在对资本的特性、行为规律的科学理解，尤其是体现在资本在社会主义市场经济中性质、地位和功能的重新定位上。习近平总书记指出，“要历史地、发展地、辩证地认识和把握我国社会存在的各类资本及其作用。在社会主义市场经济体制下，资本是带动各类生产要素集聚配置的重要纽带，是促进社会生产力发展的重要力量，要发挥资本促进社会生产力发展的积极作用。同时，必须认识到，资本具有逐利本性，如不加以规范和约束，就会给经济社会发展带来不可估量的危害”。这实际上是从唯物史观高度深刻把握了资本的辩证二重性，对资本做了社会主义性质的科学定位。进一步地，如何保证中国式现代化以人民为中心，而非以资本为中心？其根本保障当然是坚持和完善社会主义公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的社会主义基本经济制度。在此基础上，一个关键性实践策略正是为资本设置“红绿灯”，防止资本野蛮生长、无序扩张，实际上就是规避资本总体化膨胀为“支配一切的经济权力”即“普照的光”，防止资本与政治、文化、社会等各领域的公共权力相互交换，将资本规约为“有限性存在”，克服和超越西方现代化以资本为中心的痼疾，从而推动现代化发展方式的内在超越。

Rationally harnessing capital especially requires preventing the exchange and combination of capital with various types of public power, blocking the trend of capital expanding into a “totalizing power,” and regulating capital as a “limited dynamic factor.” As Marx revealed, capital has an inherent logic of endless self-expansion, extension, and domination, and an objective tendency to expand into a totalizing existence. If this totalizing expansion trend of capital is not restricted, it will inevitably harm the development of people and society and lead modernization development onto a “wrong path.” In the process of Western modernization, a key step for capital to expand into a totalizing power is the extensive exchange between capital and political power, thereby opening up channels and paving the way for further expansion into other areas of social life. Cutting off this key link blocks the path of capital’s infinite expansion and fundamentally controls the generation and development of capital. In this regard, we need to explore several crucial issues.

合理驾驭资本，尤其需要防止资本与各类公共权力的交换结合，阻断资本膨胀为“总体性权力”的趋势，将资本规约为“有限性动力要素”。正如马克思所揭示的，资本具有无止境地增殖、扩张和宰制的逻辑，内在地具有膨胀为总体性存在的客观趋势。如果对资本的总体化膨胀趋势不加限制，那么势必会危害人与社会的发展，将现代化发展引向“邪路”。在西方现代化进程中，资本膨胀为总体性权力的关键步骤就是资本与政治权力发生广泛的交换，由此为进一步扩张到其他社会生活领域打通关节、铺平道路。切断这个关键性环节，也就堵住了资本无限膨胀的门径，从根本上控制住了资本的生成发展。对此，我们需要对几个至关重要的问题做出探究。

First, regarding the relationship between state power and capital, “regulating and guiding the development of capital in accordance with the law” can effectively prevent “the exchange of capital with public power.” Building a high-level socialist market economy system and fully unleashing the decisive role of the market in resource allocation precisely require the Party and the state to regulate and guide the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law. “State power regulating and guiding capital in accordance with the law” and “the exchange of capital with public power” are fundamentally different in nature. The Party’s and the state’s guidance and regulation of capital in accordance with the law conform to the general laws of modernization and China’s own national conditions, serve the fundamental interests of the people, and are necessary and reasonable. In contrast, acts of exchanging capital with public power, such as power corruption and rent-seeking, are illegitimate and unreasonable. Moreover, regulating and guiding the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law can precisely prevent the trend of capital combining with specific public powers, thereby genuinely ensuring that the operation of capital reflects the socialist nature and can promote the comprehensive development of individuals and society.

第一，在国家权力与资本的关系上，“依法规范和引导资本发展”可以有效防止“资本与公共权力的交换”。构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制和充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，恰恰需要党和国家依法规范和引导资本健康发展。“国家权力依法规范引导资本”和“资本与公共权力的交换”二者具有本质区别。党和国家依法对资本进行引导和规范，符合现代化的一般规律和中国自身国情，符合人民的根本利益，是必要的、合理的。而权力腐败寻租等资本与公共权力的交换行为，则是不正当、不合理的。而且，依法规范和引导资本健康发展恰恰可以防止资本与特定公共权力的交换结合趋势，真正保障资本的运行能够体现社会主义性质，能够推动人与社会的全面发展。

Second, regarding the relationship between the market economy and capital, a “market economy” does not necessarily lead to “the exchange of capital with public power.” Building a high-level socialist market economy system and fully unleashing the decisive role of the market in resource allocation by no means equates to allowing the unbridled growth and unlimited expansion of capital, nor does it mean that commodity exchange can dominate all social life. The exchange of capital with various types of public power is not a reasonable, normal market exchange behavior but an unreasonable, alienated market exchange behavior. First, the “exchange” of capital with various types of public power is not a legitimate market exchange behavior. This is because, under socialist conditions, public power in the political, cultural, social, and other spheres cannot become legitimate “property” and thus cannot constitute “commodities” to participate in normal market exchange. Second, the “exchange” of capital with various types of public power excludes people’s participation and sharing, violating the principles of equal exchange and fair competition. The experiences and lessons of Western modernization show that the exchange relationship between capital and public power always arises and proliferates through the domination of the market economy by the logic of capital, thereby subverting the principles of fairness and justice in the market economy from its very foundation. The correct way to prevent the exchange of capital with public power is not to abolish the market economy and reverse the historical course of modernization, but to regulate and guide the healthy development of capital in accordance with the law, strengthen anti-corruption efforts in the capital sphere, resolutely combat profit-seeking behaviors of capital backed by power, build a reasonable boundary and normative order between capital and various types of public power, and construct a high-level socialist market economy system.

第二，在市场经济与资本的关系上，“市场经济”并不必然导致“资本与公共权力的交换”。构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制和充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，决不等于放任资本的野蛮生长和无限扩张，决不等于商品交换可以支配一切社会生活。资本与各类公共权力的交换，不是一种合理的、正常的市场交换行为，而是一种不合理的、异化的市场交换行为。首先，资本与各类公共权力的“交换”不是合法的市场交换行为。这是因为，在社会主义条件下，政治、文化和社会等各领域的公共权力并不能成为合法的“财产”，也就无法构成“商品”来参与正常的市场交换。其次，资本与各类公共权力的“交换”排斥人民参与和共享，违背等价交换、公平竞争的原则。西方现代化的经验教训表明，资本与公共权力的交换关系总是借由资本逻辑支配市场经济而得以生成繁衍，并从根基处颠覆了市场经济的公平正义原则。防止资本与公共权力交换的正确方式，不是取缔市场经济，开现代化的历史倒车，而是依法规范和引导资本健康发展，加强资本领域反腐败，坚决打击以权力为依托的资本逐利行为，筑牢资本与各类公共权力的合理界限与规范秩序，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。

Third, regarding the relationship between social life and capital, neither “capital” nor the “market” is equivalent to “social life.” Although the principle of commodity exchange is a basic principle of the market economy, it is not applicable to the broad fields of social life and cultural life. The operation of the market economy follows the law of value, its basic mode is commodity exchange behavior, and its important driving force is the capital factor; whereas the core of social life operation consists of cultural-ethical behaviors such as interaction, morality, and customs. The experiences and lessons of Western modernization show that the expansion and development of capital relations and market relations cannot be equated with the development of social life and cultural life, nor can the principle of commodity exchange and capital factors be unrestrictedly extended to all fields of social life. Otherwise, it would damage and undermine the foundation of social life, causing serious problems such as the proliferation of materialism, alienation of interpersonal relationships, moral decline, and degeneration of civilized customs. From a deeper level, a key driving force behind the colonization and expansion of the principle of commodity exchange into the field of social life is precisely the exchange of capital with public power. The depreciation of moral life, humanistic values, and the spiritual world caused by excessive commodification is directly related to the profit-seeking nature of capital. Only by regulating and guiding capital, and straightening out the boundaries and relationships between capital, the market, and social life and cultural life, can we avoid a modernization characterized by materialistic expansion and ensure the benign development and harmonious interaction of the market economy and social life.

第三，在社会生活与资本的关系上，无论“资本”还是“市场”都不等于“社会生活”。商品交换原则虽然是市场经济的基本原则，但不适用于广泛的社会生活、文化生活领域。市场经济运行遵循价值规律，其基本方式是商品交换行为，其重要动力是资本要素；而社会生活运行的核心是交往、道德、习俗等文化伦理行为。西方现代化的经验教训表明，不能将资本关系、市场关系的扩张和发展等同于社会生活和文化生活的发展，也不能将商品交换原则及资本要素无限制地扩张到社会生活所有领域。否则，就会损害和瓦解社会生活的根基，造成物质主义泛滥、人际关系疏离、道德水平滑坡和文明风尚退化等严重问题。从更深层次来看，商品交换原则向社会生活领域的殖民和扩张，一个关键性动因便是资本与公共权力的交换。过度的商品化对道德生活、人文价值、精神世界的贬损，恰恰与资本逐利本性直接相关。只有规范和引导资本，理顺资本、市场与社会生活、文化生活的边界和关系，才能规避物质主义膨胀的现代化，保障市场经济和社会生活的良性发展、和谐互动。

The Basic Path of Harnessing Capital and Advancing Chinese-Path Modernization

驾驭资本与推进中国式现代化的基本路径

Harnessing capital is an important aspect of advancing Chinese-path modernization. Harnessing capital is an important practical path for Chinese-path modernization to follow the universal laws of human social development, the general laws of world modernization, and to embody the common features of modernization in various countries. According to the universal laws of human social development and the general laws of world modernization, Chinese-path modernization inevitably includes the common features of modernization in various countries, such as the market economy and capital factors, and inevitably includes the foundational level of combining the basic socialist system with the market economy system. The practical orientation of the socialist market economy lies in “using capital itself to abolish capital.” [6]6 This phrase echoes Marx’s formulation in the *Grundrisse* that “capital itself is the moving contradiction, [in] that it presses to reduce labour time to a minimum, while it posits labour time, on the other side, as the sole measure and source of wealth.” The Chinese formulation “利用资本本身来消灭资本” (using capital itself to abolish capital) is a standard rendering of the dialectical idea that capitalism creates the conditions for its own supersession. That is to say, using the basic socialist system to reasonably control the alienated and divisive forms of capital, fully unleash the civilizing and innovative momentum of capital, thereby internally promoting the effective operation of the market economy and activating the potential and vitality of human and social development. Furthermore, harnessing capital is an important practical path for Chinese-path modernization to achieve the unity of the universal laws of human social development with the special laws of Chinese social development, and to embody the unity of the common features of modernization in various countries with Chinese characteristics. From the perspective of this historical dialectic of universality and particularity, advancing Chinese-path modernization is a complex systemic project that requires coordinated advancement of economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and ecological civilization construction. In particular, it is necessary to correctly handle the issue of capital and benefit distribution, deepen capital market reform, regulate and guide capital development, comprehensively enhance the effectiveness of capital governance, and promote the comprehensive development of individuals and society through the reasonable harnessing of capital.

驾驭资本是推进中国式现代化的重要方面。驾驭资本是中国式现代化遵循人类社会发展普遍规律、世界现代化的一般规律、体现各国现代化共同特征的重要实践路径。根据人类社会发展普遍规律及世界现代化一般规律，中国式现代化中必然包含市场经济及资本要素这一各国现代化的共同特征，必然包含社会主义基本制度与市场经济体制相结合的基础性层面。而社会主义市场经济的实践指向在于“利用资本本身来消灭资本”。也就是说，以社会主义基本制度来合理控制资本的异化分裂形式，充分发挥资本的文明创新动能，以内在推动市场经济的有效运行，激活人和社会发展的潜能与活力。进一步地，驾驭资本是中国式现代化实现人类社会发展普遍规律与中国社会发展特殊规律相统一、体现各国现代化共同特征与中国特色相统一的重要实践路径。从这一普遍性与特殊性的历史辩证法来看，推进中国式现代化是一项复杂的系统性工程，需要统筹推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设，尤其要正确处理资本和利益分配问题，深化资本市场改革，规范和引导资本发展，全面提升资本治理效能，以合理驾驭资本促进人与社会全面发展。

Specifically, Chinese-path modernization sublates the rule of capital, [7]7 “Sublates” (扬弃, *yangqi*) is a Hegelian-Marxist term meaning to simultaneously cancel, preserve, and lift up to a higher level. abandons capital-centered modernization, advances modernization with a huge population scale, and realizes people-centered modernization; it curbs the law of capital accumulation, abandons modernization characterized by polarization, and advances modernization for common prosperity for all people; it criticizes the fetishism of capital, abandons modernization characterized by materialistic expansion, advances modernization where material civilization and cultural-ethical progress are coordinated, and pioneers modernization with comprehensive social development; it controls capital’s plunder of nature, abandons modernization characterized by ecological crisis, advances modernization where humanity and nature coexist in harmony, and pioneers modernization of ecological civilization; it constrains the global expansion of capital, abandons modernization characterized by external expansion and plunder, advances modernization on the path of peaceful development, and pioneers modernization of common human development.

具体来看，中国式现代化扬弃资本统治，摒弃以资本为中心的现代化，推进人口规模巨大的现代化，实现以人民为中心的现代化；抑制资本积累规律，摒弃两极分化的现代化，推进全体人民共同富裕的现代化；批判资本拜物教，摒弃物质主义膨胀的现代化，推进物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化，开创社会全面发展的现代化；控制资本对自然的榨取，摒弃生态危机的现代化，推进人与自然和谐共生的现代化，开创生态文明的现代化；约束资本全球扩张，摒弃对外扩张掠夺的现代化，推进走和平发展道路的现代化，开创人类共同发展的现代化。

In summary, Chinese-path modernization is a people-centered modernization. While transcending the capital-centered modernization of the West, it fully absorbs the experiences and lessons of Western modernization, positioning capital as a key production factor, key link, and key force under the fundamental domination of the socialist mode of production’s “universal light” [8]8 “Universal light” (普照的光, *puzhao de guang*) is a metaphor from Marx’s *Grundrisse* introduction, where he writes that in every social formation a particular mode of production determines the “light” in which all other relations are seen. in a “non-central” and “limited” position. This changes the characteristics of capital, shapes the behavioral laws of capital, and determines the proportions of various types of capital. In the great practice of harnessing capital, Chinese-path modernization has fully leveraged the superiority of the socialist system, especially by enabling socialist relations of production to dominate and utilize capital as a production factor and its associated relations of production, thereby genuinely driving the development of social productive forces and serving the comprehensive development of individuals and society.

总而言之，中国式现代化是以人民为中心的现代化，在超越西方以资本为中心的现代化的同时，充分吸取西方现代化的经验教训，将资本定位在受社会主义生产方式“普照的光”根本支配下的重要生产要素、重要纽带、重要力量的“非中心”“有限性”位置，从而改变资本的特性，塑造资本的行为规律，决定各类资本的比重。中国式现代化在驾驭资本的伟大实践中，充分发挥了社会主义制度的优越性，尤其是发挥社会主义生产关系对资本生产要素及生产关系的支配和利用，使之真正推动社会生产力的发展，服务于人与社会的全面发展。

Online Editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗