On Resolving the Dilemmas and Pathways of Global Governance with the Silk Road Spirit

At present, the world is undergoing accelerated changes unseen in a century and has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. “The deficits in peace, development, security, and governance are growing, and humanity faces unprecedented challenges.” Faced with the century-old question of “What is wrong with the world, and what should we do about it?”, the Silk Road spirit, whose core content is peaceful cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit, can provide ideological guidance for resolving contradictions and differences in the exchange of world civilizations, thereby promoting the construction of a more just and equitable system of global governance.

当前，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，世界进入新的动荡变革期，“和平赤字、发展赤字、安全赤字、治理赤字加重，人类社会面临前所未有的挑战”。面对“世界怎么了，我们怎么办”的世纪之问，以和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢为核心内容的丝路精神能够为化解世界文明交往中的矛盾分歧提供思想引领，从而推动构建更加公正合理的全球治理体系。

I. The Proposal and Connotation of the Silk Road Spirit

一、丝路精神的提出及其内涵

On September 7, 2013, Xi Jinping pointed out: “As long as we adhere to solidarity and mutual trust, equality and mutual benefit, inclusiveness and mutual learning, and win-win cooperation, countries with different races, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds can fully share peace and achieve common development.” On June 5, 2014, Xi Jinping stated: “For thousands of years, the spirit of the Silk Road, embodying peaceful cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit, has been passed down from generation to generation.” On May 14, 2017, Xi Jinping again emphasized, “The ancient Silk Road, stretching across thousands of miles and lasting for millennia, has accumulated the Silk Road spirit centered on peaceful cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit.” The Silk Road spirit possesses profound cultural foundations and rich contemporary connotations. It is consistently embodied in the great practice of the Belt and Road Initiative construction, leading the joint construction of the Belt and Road toward a new stage of high-quality development and providing a powerful spiritual pillar for building a community with a shared future for mankind.

2013年9月7日，习近平指出：“只要坚持团结互信、平等互利、包容互鉴、合作共赢，不同种族、不同信仰、不同文化背景的国家完全可以共享和平，共同发展。”2014年6月5日，习近平表明：“千百年来，丝绸之路承载的和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢精神薪火相传。”2017年5月14日，习近平再次强调，“古丝绸之路绵亘万里，延续千年，积淀了以和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢为核心的丝路精神。”丝路精神拥有深厚的文化底蕴和丰富的时代内涵，始终体现在“一带一路”建设的伟大实践之中，并引领共建“一带一路”迈向高质量发展的新阶段，为构建人类命运共同体提供强大精神支柱。

(I) The Silk Road Spirit is the Spiritual Driving Force that Inspires the Vitality of the “Ancient Silk Road”

（一）丝路精神是激发“古丝绸之路”活力的精神动力

With the development of the times, the Silk Road, initially focused on the trade of commodities such as silk, tea, and porcelain, has become a general term for all channels of political, economic, and cultural exchange between ancient China and the West. The Silk Road spirit, which emerged from the practice of interaction along the ancient Silk Road, is an inevitable result of the development of exchanges between Eastern and Western civilizations to a certain historical stage. In today’s international community, it will radiate new vitality and influence the concepts of interaction among nations. The ancient Silk Road was a bond connecting Eastern and Western civilizations. The Silk Road spirit formed on this basis—peaceful cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit—remains full of vitality in the 21st century. It carries the beautiful vision of people exploring the world, integrating into the world, and embracing the world. It is the spiritual guide for people of all countries who love peace and pursue cooperation, inspiring their willingness and confidence to work together. As a value concept at the level of consciousness, the Silk Road spirit is a theoretical weapon based on history and practice. The advanced concepts it contains—peaceful cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit—are the spiritual driving force that re-energizes world development. It will inevitably lead countries around the world to transcend civilizational estrangement, conflict, and superiority, achieve civilizational exchange, mutual learning, and coexistence, and jointly address various global challenges.

随着时代的发展，最先以丝绸、茶叶、瓷器等商品贸易为主的丝绸之路已成为古代中国与西方所有政治经济文化往来通道的统称，而伴随古丝绸之路交往实践产生的丝路精神，是东西方文明交往历史发展到一定阶段的必然结果，在当今国际社会将重新散发生机活力并影响着各国交往理念。古丝绸之路是连接东西方文明的纽带，在此基础上形成的和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的丝路精神仍在21世纪的今天充满生机活力，承载着人们探索世界、融入世界、拥抱世界的美好愿景，是各国人民爱好和平、追求合作的精神指引，焕发起各国人民通力合作的意愿和信心。丝路精神作为意识层面上的价值理念，是历史和实践基础上的理论武器，其蕴含的和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢的先进理念是重新激发世界发展活力的精神动力，必将引领世界各国超越文明隔阂、冲突和优越，实现文明交流、互鉴和共存，共同应对各种全球性挑战。

(II) The Silk Road Spirit is an Ideological System with a Rich Practical Foundation

（二）丝路精神是有丰富实践基础的思想体系

In the process of exchanges and interactions among countries along the ancient Silk Road and the contemporary practice of jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, the connotation of the Silk Road spirit has been continuously enriched, forming an ideological system that integrates historical logic, theoretical logic, and practical logic. Deepening economic, political, and cultural exchanges between countries requires a peaceful and stable international environment. Creating a space for peaceful cooperation is the primary prerequisite and external foundation for practicing the Silk Road spirit. Openness and inclusiveness, as opposed to trends of anti-globalization such as closed-door exclusivism and protectionism, represent a positive attitude toward development. They are an important part of the Silk Road spirit and provide the necessary internal guarantee for its practice. Mutual learning is an inherent requirement for international interaction in the era of globalization and a facilitating factor for the sustained development of global governance, providing effective and feasible means of support for practicing the Silk Road spirit. Mutual benefit and win-win cooperation represent the common will of all humanity and align with the development interests of all countries. Practicing the Silk Road spirit requires taking mutual benefit and win-win cooperation among countries as the ultimate development goal.

在古丝绸之路沿线各国交流往来和当今国际社会共建“一带一路”的实践过程中，丝路精神的内涵不断丰富，形成了拥有历史逻辑、理论逻辑与现实逻辑内在统一的思想体系。深化各国之间经济政治人文交流需要和平稳定的国际环境，营造和平合作的交往空间是践行丝路精神的首要前提和外在基础。开放包容是相对于封闭排他、保护主义等逆全球化趋势而言的积极发展态度，是丝路精神的重要内容，也为践行丝路精神提供了必要的内在保障。互学互鉴是全球化时代开展国际交往的内在要求，也是全球治理持续发展的促进因素，为践行丝路精神提供了有效可行的手段支撑。互惠互利、合作共赢是全人类的共同意愿，符合各国发展利益，践行丝路精神需要将各国之间互利共赢作为最终发展目标。

(III) The Silk Road Spirit is the Fundamental Guideline for the High-Quality Development of the Belt and Road Initiative

（三）丝路精神是“一带一路”高质量发展的根本遵循

Xi Jinping’s major initiative to jointly build the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” has endowed the Silk Road spirit with entirely new contemporary connotations and initiated the great journey of jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative. Development requires a stable external environment, and peace can provide strategic space for development. Peaceful development is the primary prerequisite for the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative under complex international circumstances and is also an important connotation of its high-quality development. “The flourishing of civilizations and the progress of humanity cannot be achieved without seeking common ground while reserving differences and maintaining openness and inclusiveness.” The Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China conforms to the trend of globalization, further expands openness, and actively builds a new platform for an open world economy. It warmly welcomes all countries in the world, with an open and inclusive attitude, to board the express train of high-quality Belt and Road development and jointly promote a more open globalization. “Civilizations become colorful through exchange, and civilizations become rich through mutual learning.” Inclusiveness and the ability to draw on the strengths of others are important factors enabling Chinese civilization to have a long and continuous history. The Belt and Road Initiative, guided by the Silk Road spirit, demonstrates immense civilizational value. The “Silk Road civilization” is thus carried forward and promoted, driving the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative.

习近平提出共建“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重大倡议，赋予了丝路精神全新的时代内涵，开启了共建“一带一路”的伟大征程。发展需要稳定的外部环境，和平能够为发展提供战略空间。和平发展是“一带一路”能够在复杂国际局势下建设的首要前提，也是“一带一路”高质量发展的重要内涵。“文明的繁盛、人类的进步，离不开求同存异、开放包容”，中国发出的“一带一路”倡议顺应全球化发展潮流，进一步扩大开放并积极构建开放型世界经济的新平台，以开放包容热情的姿态欢迎世界各国共同搭乘“一带一路”高质量发展快车，共同推进更加开放的全球化。“文明因交流而多彩，文明因互鉴而丰富”，兼容并蓄、博采众长是中华文明能够源远流长的重要因素，丝路精神指引下的“一带一路”彰显出巨大的文明价值，“丝路文明”得以发扬光大并推动着“一带一路”高质量发展。

(IV) The Silk Road Spirit is the Spiritual Core of Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

（四）丝路精神是构建人类命运共同体的精神内核

The core value and practical innovation of the Silk Road spirit highlight the inevitable requirement of building a community with a shared future for mankind through cooperation and joint construction. A community with a shared future for mankind advocates that countries, while pursuing their own interests, should take into account the legitimate concerns of others and promote common development in the course of seeking their own development, aiming to find the common interests and common values of all humanity. First, the Silk Road spirit is the internal source from which the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind is generated. The value beliefs of “harmony among all nations,” the benevolent sentiments of “people-centeredness,” the open-mindedness of “benefiting the whole world,” the cultural magnanimity of “confidence and inclusiveness,” and the ideal pursuit of “great harmony under heaven” contained in the Silk Road spirit, whose core is peaceful cooperation and mutual benefit, are highly consistent with the core values of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind. Second, the Silk Road spirit and its practice have deepened and promoted the initiative of building a community with a shared future for mankind. The Silk Road spirit, transcending time and space, has achieved the inheritance and sublimation of the culture of the ancient Silk Road; at the same time, the practice of the Belt and Road Initiative it guides has also achieved innovation and development in the new historical era. Finally, the Silk Road spirit continuously enriches and expands the contemporary connotation of a community with a shared future for mankind. The Belt and Road Initiative construction, adhering to the Silk Road spirit, not only promotes the economic development of various countries but also drives the flourishing development of international politics, culture, ecology, and other fields, gradually expanding the community with a shared future for mankind into a comprehensive community integrating an economic community with a shared future, a security community with a shared future, a cultural community with a shared future, and an ecological community with a shared future.

丝路精神的核心价值与实践创新，凸显了以合作共建方式构建人类命运共同体的必然要求。人类命运共同体倡导各国在追求本国利益时兼顾他国合理关切，在谋求本国发展中促进各国共同发展，旨在寻求全人类的共同利益和共同价值。首先，丝路精神是人类命运共同体理念生成的内在之源。以和平合作、互利共赢为核心内容的丝路精神所蕴含的“协和万邦”的价值信念、“以民为本”的仁爱情怀、“兼济天下”的开放胸襟、“自信包容”的文化气度、“天下大同”的理想追求与人类命运共同体理念在核心价值上具有高度的一致性。其次，丝路精神及其实践深化并推动了构建人类命运共同体倡议。跨越时空的丝路精神实现了对古丝绸之路文化的传承与升华；同时，其引领的“一带一路”建设实践也实现了在新的历史时代下的创新和发展。最后，丝路精神不断丰富与拓展人类命运共同体的时代内涵。秉持丝路精神的“一带一路”建设不仅促进着各国经济发展，还推动着国际政治、文化、生态等领域的蓬勃发展，将人类命运共同体逐渐拓展成集经济命运共同体、安全命运共同体、文化命运共同体和生态命运共同体于一身的全方位共同体。

II. Conceptual Differences and Dilemmas in Global Governance

二、全球治理的理念分歧和困境

In recent years, an important feature and trend of global governance has been that some Western countries, led by the United States, have pursued policies of confrontation, protectionism, decoupling, and zero-sum games internationally. They regard their own national interests as the supreme principle and promote the “law of the jungle” where the strong prey on the weak, exacerbating the situation of world instability and turmoil. In contrast, emerging market countries represented by China advocate strengthening global cooperation, openness, connectivity, and win-win outcomes, continuously making new contributions to addressing global crises and improving global governance. This has led to the following four main areas of divergence and dilemma in the global governance concepts of countries around the world today.

近年来，全球治理的一个重要特征和趋势是以美国为首的一些西方国家在国际上奉行对抗、保护、脱钩、零和的政策，将本国利益奉为圭臬，推行弱肉强食的“丛林法则”，加剧了世界动荡不安的局势；而以中国为代表的新兴市场国家则主张加强全球合作、开放、联通、双赢，为应对全球危机和完善全球治理不断做出新的贡献。这使得当今世界各国的全球治理理念主要呈现以下四个方面的分歧与困境。

(I) The Contest between Confrontation and Cooperation

（一）对抗与合作的较量

After the end of the Cold War, most Western advanced capitalist countries had already established relatively complete political systems, arranging domestic political parties, administration, legislation, and central-local relations on the principles of checks and balances and separation of powers. However, in the course of practice, this system takes the cruel "law of the jungle" as its value orientation, is essentially an adversarial institutional system, and is generally manifested in such phenomena as profit-driven competition among political parties, mutual vetoes between legislative and executive organs, and mutual exclusion among interest-based political groups, among which vicious partisan struggle has become the "pathogen" of the chaos in the West. The internal politics of these countries are characterized by adversarial and veto-style features, and when extended to global governance issues, they cannot provide definite and coherent commitments, actions, or support, exhibiting strong arbitrariness. When handling international affairs, these countries often consider only their own interests, shying away from issues that involve the common interests of all humanity but require each country to bear corresponding responsibilities, and even maintaining an adversarial attitude, which greatly diminishes the synergy of global governance and international cooperation. The Cold War mentality and hegemonic logic, premised on opposition and confrontation, have not withdrawn from the historical stage and continue to erode the foundation of political trust among nations.

冷战结束后，多数西方发达资本主义国家已建立起比较完善的政治体制，以制衡和分立原则安排国内政党、行政、立法、央地关系。但在实践过程中，这种体制以残酷的“丛林法则”为价值导向，本质上是一种对抗式制度体系，并总体表现为政党之间逐利竞争、立法机关与行政机关之间相互否决、利益政治集团相互排挤等，其中党派恶斗成为西方之乱的“病原体”。这些国家的内部政治具有对抗式和否决式特点，延展到全球治理议题中便无法提供确定连贯的承诺、行动和支持，具有强烈的随意性。在处理国际事务时，这些国家往往只考虑自身利益，对于涉及全人类共同利益但需各国承担相应责任的议题避而远之，甚至保持对抗态度，使得全球治理和国际合作的协同性大打折扣。以对立对抗为基调的冷战思维和霸权逻辑并未退出历史舞台，仍在侵蚀着各国之间政治互信的基础。

The changes unseen in a century are accelerating. Due to the existence of confrontational thinking and value differences, the future and destiny of human society face many dilemmas. The global governance system formed under the old world structure can no longer adapt to the rapidly changing new pattern of world development. The international order and global governance urgently require deep transformation. With the rise of emerging countries, the vast number of developing countries, represented by China, increasingly expect to build an international system of equal cooperation, fairness, and justice to address various traditional and non-traditional security crises, and place greater emphasis on peaceful cooperation to promote common development among nations. China has consistently advocated that "only by adhering to peaceful development and cooperative partnership can we truly achieve win-win and all-win outcomes." To address global governance crises, China, on the basis of abiding by the UN Charter and its purposes, initiated the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative and hosted the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. By strengthening multilateral cooperation among countries, it stimulates regional economic vitality, promotes people-to-people and cultural exchanges among nations, and has received positive responses from peace-loving countries, contributing Chinese wisdom to exploring pathways for economic growth, rebalancing globalization, and promoting new types of regional cooperation.

世界百年未有之大变局正在加速演进，由于对抗思维和价值分歧的存在，人类社会的前途命运面临诸多困境，旧世界格局下形成的全球治理体系已难以适应风云变幻的世界发展新格局，国际秩序和全球治理亟需深度转型。随着新兴国家崛起，以中国为代表的广大发展中国家更加期待构建一个平等合作、公平正义的国际体系，以应对各种传统与非传统安全危机，更加注重和平合作，以促进各国共同发展。中国一贯主张“只有坚持和平发展、携手合作，才能真正实现共赢、多赢”。为应对全球性治理危机，中国在遵守联合国宪章和宗旨的基础上发起了共建“一带一路”倡议和举办“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，通过加强国家多方合作来激发地区经济活力，促进各国人文交流，并获得爱好和平的国家积极响应，为探寻经济增长之道、实现全球化再平衡、推动地区新型合作贡献了中国智慧。

(II) Competition between Protection and Opening Up

（二）保护与开放的竞争

The world today is undergoing a period of major development, major transformation, and major adjustment. A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has brought new opportunities to human society and injected new vitality into economic globalization. However, many underdeveloped countries and regions still cannot fairly enjoy the benefits brought by technological progress and economic globalization. Western countries, led by the United States, shift domestic crises onto other countries to shirk responsibility, wantonly wielding the tariff stick to interfere with and obstruct normal economic and trade exchanges. For example, under the slogan of "America First" for global interest redistribution, the United States withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and even threatened to withdraw from the World Trade Organization (WTO), among other actions. To defend its world hegemonic status, the United States, together with its allies, brandishes the stick of sanctions, vigorously pursues closed protectionism, implements various trade protections targeting key technologies, and uses power as a tool to undermine global multilateral cooperation mechanisms.

当今世界正经历一场大发展大变革大调整，新一轮科技革命和产业变革给人类社会带来全新机遇，并给经济全球化注入了新的活力。但是，仍有很多欠发达国家和地区无法公平享受科技进步和经济全球化带来的收益。以美国为首的西方国家向其他国家转嫁国内危机以推卸责任，肆意挥舞关税大棒干扰和阻碍正常经贸往来。例如，美国打着“美国优先”的全球利益再分配口号，退出跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（TPP），甚至威胁退出世界贸易组织（WTO）等等。为了捍卫世界霸权地位，美国联合其盟友高举制裁大棒，大行封闭保护主义，以关键技术为靶向实施各种贸易保护，以强权为工具破坏全球多边合作机制。

Emerging market countries, represented by China, have further accelerated their pace of opening up and have become an important force driving the process of economic globalization. Against the backdrop of a sluggish global economy, China has moved against the trend, adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, continuously expanding its opening up, and, guided by the concept of open development, actively advancing the globalization process together with other countries. At the Second China International Import Expo, Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce Wang Bingnan stated: It is estimated that in the next 15 years, China's imports of goods and services will exceed 30 trillion US dollars and 10 trillion US dollars, respectively. China, together with relevant countries, actively participates in multilateral and bilateral regional investment and trade cooperation mechanisms, fully implements the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), and actively applies to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), among others. Over more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has consistently adhered to the basic state policy of opening up, humbly absorbed the achievements of civilizations from various countries for its own use during its development, and has become the main stabilizer and power source of the open world economy.

以中国为代表的新兴市场国家进一步加大开放步伐，并成为推动经济全球化进程的重要力量。在全球经济低迷背景下，中国逆势前行，坚持对外开放基本国策，不断扩大对外开放，并在开放发展理念引领下携手各国积极推进全球化进程。在第二届中国国际进口博览会上，中国商务部副部长王炳南表示：预计未来15年，中国进口商品和服务将分别超过30万亿美元和10万亿美元。中国同相关国家一道积极参与多双边区域投资贸易合作机制，全面落实《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》，还积极申请加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》和《数字经济伙伴关系协定》等。改革开放40余年来，中国始终坚持对外开放基本国策，在发展过程中虚心吸收各国文明成果并为我所用，成为开放型世界经济的主要稳定器和动力源。

(III) Differentiation between Decoupling and Connectivity

（三）脱钩与联通的分化

Since the opening of new sea routes and the Industrial Revolution, human connections have become increasingly close, and the world has increasingly become an inseparable community. Globalization has become an irreversible trend of development. Since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the United States has adjusted the global industrial chain layout under the pretext of "revitalizing manufacturing," supporting and guiding multinational enterprises to return to their home countries. After the Trump administration came to power, it further accelerated the "decoupling" process by formulating a series of external measures to reduce the interconnections and dependencies between the United States and other countries in various fields, "and introduced this into discussions concerning Sino-US relations, proposing views such as 'conscious decoupling,' advocating that China and the United States should consciously reduce their economic dependence on each other." Under the domination of the "decoupling" concept, the United States has frequently introduced measures such as "cutting off supply" and "sanctions," restricting the flow of products, capital, talent, and data, leading to severe obstruction of global production and exchange activities. In the social sphere, affected by the spillover effects of the "decoupling" risk, people-to-people and cultural exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations worldwide have been hindered.

自新航路开辟和工业革命以来，人类联系日益紧密，世界越发成为一个密不可分的联合体，全球化已成为不可逆转的发展之势。国际金融危机爆发以来，美国以“重振制造业”为由调整了全球产业链布局，支持和引导跨国企业回流本土。特朗普政府上台后进一步加速了“脱钩”进程，通过制定一系列对外措施以减少本国各领域与他国的相互联系和依赖，“并将其引入涉及中美关系的讨论之中，提出了‘有意图脱钩’（conscious decoupling）等观点，主张中美之间应该有意识地减少对彼此的经济依赖程度”。在“脱钩”理念支配下，美国频繁推出“断供”“制裁”措施，限制产品、资金、人才、数据流动，导致全球生产和交换活动受到严重阻碍。在社会领域，受“脱钩”风险的溢出效应影响，世界各国人文交流和文明互鉴受阻。

China firmly opposes unilateralism and decoupling policies. It advocates, on the basis of full consultation, creating universally accepted and effective rules for artificial intelligence, the digital economy, etc., creating an open, fair, and non-discriminatory favorable environment for technological innovation, and fostering a relaxed, lively, harmonious, and orderly atmosphere for people-to-people exchanges and mutual understanding, so that the vitality of the world economy and humanistic qualities can be fully demonstrated. To address the "decoupling" and blockade caused by various subjective and objective factors, and to strengthen connectivity in all fields globally, China is committed to ensuring the security and smooth flow of industrial and supply chains, and promoting the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, with "hard connectivity," "soft connectivity," and "people-to-people connectivity" as its core content. As of June 2023, China had signed over 200 cooperation documents on jointly building the Belt and Road with 152 countries and 32 international organizations. Currently, China is working with partner countries to promote a higher level of connectivity.

中国坚决反对单边主义和脱钩政策，倡议在充分协商基础上，为人工智能、数字经济等打造各方普遍接受、行之有效的规则，为科技创新创造开放、公正、非歧视的有利环境，为人文交流和民心融通营造舒畅活泼、和谐有序的氛围，让世界经济活力和人文素养得以充分彰显。为应对各种主客观因素引发的“脱钩”和封锁，加强全球各领域的互联互通，中方着力保障产业链供应链安全畅通，推动高质量共建以“硬联通”“软联通”“心联通”为核心内容的“一带一路”倡议。截至2023年6月，中国已同152个国家和32个国际组织签署200余份共建“一带一路”合作文件。当前，中国正同共建国家一道，推动更高水平的互联互通。

(IV) Confrontation between Zero-Sum and Win-Win

（四）零和与共赢的对峙

International peace and order depend on the balance of power. "A roughly equal distribution of power among several countries or within a collection of states can prevent any one country from gaining power superior to others." However, this balance does not often exist in reality. Because the comprehensive strength of the superpower is strong, it holds a significant advantage in the game process. Under the domination of zero-sum thinking, it pursues hegemonism and power politics, striving to monopolize all resources for its own use to achieve maximum unilateral gains. Faced with China's peaceful rise, the United States, as an established power, feels its world hegemonic status threatened, tries every means to curb China's rise, propagates the "China threat theory" to the world, adheres to zero-sum thinking, and engages in a series of diplomatic games with China together with its allies. European and American countries have always viewed the rising China with old eyes, forming a rigid and erroneous image, which is an ideological prejudice questioning China's peaceful rise. Zero-sum thinking is like a sword of Damocles hanging over the head of global development, severely hindering the process of human development and keeping the world full of tangible and intangible struggles.

国际和平和秩序取决于权力均衡，“权力在若干国家之间或一个由国家组成的集合体内部的大致均等的分配，可以防止其中任何一个国家获得高于别国的权势”。但这一平衡在现实中并不能经常存在，由于超级大国的综合实力强，在博弈过程中拥有显著优势，在零和思维支配下奉行霸权主义和强权政治，致力于占尽一切资源为己所用，以实现最大程度上的单赢。面对中国的和平崛起，美国作为守成国家深感世界霸主地位受到威胁，想方设法抑制中国崛起步伐，向世界鼓吹“中国威胁论”，秉持零和思维，联合其盟友与中国展开一系列外交博弈。欧美国家一直用旧眼光看待发展起来的中国，形成了一种固化的错误意象，这是质疑中国和平崛起的意识形态偏见。零和思维就像是一把达摩克利斯之剑悬在全球发展的头顶，严重阻碍了人类发展进程，并使世界时刻充满有形无形的斗争。

The concept of win-win cooperation, which is entirely different from zero-sum thinking, advocates the sharing of benefits and emphasizes that the fruits of economic globalization should be distributed more and more fairly among the people of all countries. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has revered ideas such as "harmony is most precious," "harmony in diversity," "coordinating all states," and "universal love and non-aggression." [6]6 "Harmony is most precious" (以和为贵), "harmony in diversity" (和而不同), "coordinating all states" (协同万邦), and "universal love and non-aggression" (兼爱非攻) are classical Chinese concepts. The first two originate from Confucian thought; the third refers to the ideal of harmonious relations among all states; the fourth is a core tenet of Mohism, advocating universal love and opposition to offensive warfare. To address increasingly prominent global problems, China upholds the common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom—and is committed to building a new type of international relations based on win-win, multi-win, and all-win outcomes. China's proposal of the Belt and Road Initiative at a time of global economic downturn, which has driven economic development and infrastructure improvement in participating countries, is a vivid embodiment of the practice of the win-win concept. China respects the differences in the historical traditions, stages of development, and specific national conditions of various countries, advocates abandoning the old zero-sum game and winner-takes-all mentality, discarding the law of the jungle where the strong prey on the weak, and calls on all countries to seek common ground while reserving differences, uphold fairness, justice, cooperation, and win-win outcomes, strive to find more points of converging interests, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.

与零和思维完全不同的共赢理念主张利益共享，强调让经济全球化的成果更多更公平地惠及各国人民。自古以来，中华民族就崇尚“以和为贵”“和而不同”“协同万邦”“兼爱非攻”等理念。为应对日益凸显的全球问题，中国坚守和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值，致力构建双赢、多赢、共赢的新型国际关系。中国在全球经济低迷之时提出共建“一带一路”倡议，带动共建国家经济发展和基础设施改善便是践行共赢理念的生动体现。中国尊重各国历史传统、发展阶段和具体国情的差异性，主张摒弃零和博弈、赢者通吃的旧思维，摒弃弱肉强食的丛林法则，呼吁各国坚持求同存异，坚持公平正义、合作共赢，努力寻找更多利益交汇点，推动构建人类命运共同体。

III. The Value and Function of the Silk Road Spirit in Resolving the Dilemmas of Global Governance

三、丝路精神破解全球治理困境的价值功能

As the crystallized wisdom of China's foreign exchanges, the Silk Road Spirit is rooted in history, faces the future, originates from China, and gives back to all humanity. It possesses the weight of cultural heritage, the breadth of time and space, distinct openness and inclusiveness, as well as fresh originality and contemporaneity. It is the refined essence of China's concept of participating in global governance and a precious legacy in the history of human civilization, providing value guidance for resolving the current dilemmas of global governance.

作为中国对外交往的智慧结晶，丝路精神植根于历史，面向未来，源于中国，反哺于全人类，具有文化底蕴的厚重性、时空地域的广阔性、鲜明的开放包容性以及鲜活的原创性和时代性，是中国参与全球治理理念的精华提炼，更是人类文明史上的宝贵遗产，为破解当前全球治理困境提供了价值引领。

(1) Peace and Cooperation: Breaking Free from the Inertia of Cold War Confrontational Thinking

（一）和平合作：摆脱冷战对抗思维惯性

Cold War confrontational thinking is the greatest threat to world peace today and a major factor disrupting the order of global governance. "Cold War thinking only undermines the global peace framework, hegemonism and power politics only endanger world peace, and bloc confrontation only exacerbates the security challenges of the 21st century." Unlike the historical practice of Western powers using gunboats to force open the doors of other countries for frenzied capital plunder and colonial expansion, the ancient Silk Road relied on camel caravans and treasure ships, carrying goodwill and friendship, bringing new things and Eastern civilization to countries along the route, weaving a bond of East-West cooperation and building a peaceful bridge for Sino-Western exchanges. In essence, the ancient Silk Road "made exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations a bridge enhancing friendship among the people of all countries, a driving force for the progress of human society, and a bond maintaining world peace." It was a road of peace, cooperation, good-neighborliness, and friendship jointly created by the Chinese nation and the people of countries along the route.

冷战对抗思维是当今世界和平的最大威胁，是扰乱全球治理秩序的重要因素。“冷战思维只会破坏全球和平框架，霸权主义和强权政治只会危害世界和平，集团对抗只会加剧21世纪安全挑战。”不同于历史上西方列强用坚船利炮打开他国大门疯狂进行资本掠夺和殖民扩张，古丝绸之路依靠驼队和宝船，带着善意和友谊，为沿线国家带去新鲜事物与东方文明，织就了东西合作的纽带，架起了中西往来的和平桥梁。从本质上讲，古丝绸之路“让文明交流互鉴成为增进各国人民友谊的桥梁、推动人类社会进步的动力、维护世界和平的纽带”，是中华民族同沿线国家和人民共同缔造的一条和平合作、睦邻友好之路。

The Silk Road Spirit upholds a partnership spirit of "peace and cooperation," committed to building a community of shared interests, shared responsibility, and shared future that abandons Cold War thinking. As value guidance, the concept of peace and cooperation can alleviate the global governance trust deficit, promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation and the construction of multi-level intergovernmental policy exchange and coordination mechanisms, strengthen policy dialogue and consultation, and enhance political mutual trust. At the same time, it helps countries deepen economic cooperation, providing value identification for in-depth cooperation in areas such as transportation, energy, communications, investment, and finance, thereby reaching new consensus on cooperation. The concept of peace and cooperation plays a leading role in the interactions between countries, effectively driving friendly cooperation practices among nations. In turn, the deep interactions among countries promote the benign spread of the peace and cooperation concept in the international community, making it a powerful weapon to break free from the inertia of Cold War thinking and strengthen cooperation to advance global governance.

丝路精神秉持着一种“和平合作”的伙伴精神，致力于打造摒弃冷战思维的利益共同体、责任共同体、命运共同体。和平合作理念作为价值引领能够缓解全球治理信任赤字，推进双多边合作和多层次政府间政策交流机制和联动机制建设，加强政策对话和协商，增进政治互信；同时有助于各国深化经济合作，为各国在交通、能源、通信、投资和金融等领域展开深度合作提供价值认同，从而达成合作新共识。和平合作理念对各国互动往来起到引领作用，切实带动了国家间友好合作实践，而各国的深入互动又反过来促进了和平合作理念在国际社会的良性传播，成为摆脱冷战思维惯性、加强合作推进全球治理的有力武器。

(2) Openness and Inclusiveness: Opposing Closed and Exclusive Protectionist Policies

（二）开放包容：反对封闭排他的保护主义政策

Closed and exclusive protectionism is a direct driver of isolation and division, pushing global governance toward fragmentation, instrumentalization, and weaponization. Since the 2008 international financial crisis, in order to shift the crisis, certain countries and economies have pursued closed-door and exclusive policies, engaging in unilateralism, hegemonism, and protectionism. This has filled the international economic and trade environment with turmoil, competition, and confrontation, severely eroding the foundation and momentum for benign global economic interaction. In contrast, the ancient Silk Road is a "living fossil" recording the history of contact and compatibility among human civilizations. People from various regions opened their arms to welcome guests and engage in open exchanges; different civilizations, religions, and ethnic groups sought common ground while reserving differences and practiced inclusiveness and integration.

封闭排他的保护主义是制造孤立和分裂的直接推手，将全球治理推向碎片化、工具化和武器化。2008年国际金融危机以来，为转嫁危机，某些国家和经济体奉行封闭主义、排他主义，大搞单边主义、霸权主义和保护主义政策，使得国际经贸环境充满动荡、竞争和对抗，全球经济良性互动的基础和动力遭受严重侵蚀。而古丝绸之路是记载人类文明接触与兼容历史的“活化石”，各个地区人民在此张开怀抱迎接朋客、开放交流；不同文明、宗教与种族在此求同存异、兼容并蓄。

Openness brings progress, while closure inevitably leads to backwardness. In the current era, the development and prosperity of any country or region cannot be achieved under conditions of closure and exclusion or amid the trend of "de-globalization." To resolve the global governance deficit and trust deficit, only by upholding the concept of openness and inclusiveness, promoting openness through inclusiveness and cooperation through openness, can countries expand more space for mutually beneficial cooperation. The Silk Road Spirit of openness and inclusiveness, as a favorable ideological weapon against protectionism and hegemonism, will surely promote global economic connectivity and integration and the interaction and integration of civilizations among countries. It provides spiritual support for advancing the construction of an open world economy, helps break the cage of closed protectionism, and promotes a high level of mutual interdependence and shared governance on the basis of higher-level openness globally.

开放带来进步，封闭必然落后。当今时代，任何国家和地区的发展和繁荣都不可能在封闭排他条件下和“逆全球化”潮流中实现。为解决全球治理赤字和信任赤字，只有各国秉持开放包容理念，以包容促开放，以开放促合作，才能拓展更多互利合作空间。开放包容的丝路精神作为反对保护主义、霸权主义的有利思想武器，必将推动全球经济联动融通和各国文明互动融合，为推进构建开放型世界经济提供精神支撑，助力打破封闭保护主义的牢笼，促进全球在更高水平开放的基础上实现高度的相互依存和共同治理。

(3) Mutual Learning: Breaking Down Civilizational Barriers and Transcending Civilizational Clashes

（三）互学互鉴：破除文明隔阂和超越文明冲突

Guided by so-called universal values, Western developed countries have designed a "clash of civilizations" trap, set up barriers of "civilizational estrangement" that divide the world into "us" and "them," exported their own "systems and cultures" to the world, and attempted to promote the globalization of Western culture and the homogenization of global culture. This makes it impossible for various stakeholders to reach a value consensus and frequently plunges them into ideological conflicts. As an important arena for mutual learning among civilizations, the ancient Silk Road brought together Chinese culture, Indian culture, Persian culture, Arab culture, and Western culture represented by ancient Greece. This ancient road traversed the birthplaces of four major civilizations and passed through the settlements of people of different races and countries. It was not only a trade route but also a road of civilizational exchange. The practice of the ancient Silk Road shows that "to promote the Silk Road Spirit is to promote mutual learning among civilizations." Mutual learning among civilizations is a driving force for the progress of human society and an important bond for maintaining world peace.

在所谓普世价值观的指引下，西方发达国家设计“文明冲突”陷阱，设置非我即他的“文明隔阂”障碍，向全世界输出本国“制度和文化”，并试图推动西方文化全球化和全球文化同质化。这使得各利益主体不仅不可能达成价值共识，还频频陷入意识形态冲突。作为文明互学互鉴的重要场域，古丝绸之路汇合了中华文化、印度文化、波斯文化、阿拉伯文化和以古希腊为代表的西方文化。这条古道跨越四大文明的发祥地，穿越不同种族和国度人民的聚居地，不仅是一条贸易通商之路，更是一条文明交往之路。古丝绸之路的实践表明，“弘扬丝路精神，就是要促进文明互鉴”，文明互鉴是推动人类社会进步的动力和维护世界和平的重要纽带。

Against the backdrop of widespread global interaction, "deepening people-to-people and cultural exchanges and mutual learning is an important way to eliminate estrangement and misunderstanding and promote mutual understanding and affinity between peoples." The concept of human civilizational exchange based on mutual learning can break down temporal and spatial barriers, eliminate spiritual estrangement in human interaction, and stimulate the driving force for the development of human civilization. It is both a powerful rebuttal to the "clash of civilizations" theory and an ideological weapon for凝聚 global value consensus. In the context of the transformation of the global governance system, the theory of mutual learning among civilizations reshapes the interaction model of resolving differences through dialogue and consultation, maintains the bond of world peace and development, and plays an important guiding role in advancing a more rational and conscious practice of global collaborative governance.

在全球普遍交往的大背景下，“深化人文交流互鉴是消除隔阂和误解、促进民心相知相通的重要途径”。互学互鉴的人类文明交往理念能够打破时空壁垒，消除人类交往的精神隔阂，激发人类文明发展动力。它既是对“文明冲突论”的有力回击，又是凝聚全球价值共识的思想武器。在全球治理体系变革背景下，文明互学互鉴理论重塑了通过对话协商解决分歧的交往模式，维系了世界和平发展的纽带，在推进更加理性自觉的全球协同治理实践过程中起着重要引领作用。

(4) Mutual Benefit and Win-Win Outcomes: Escaping the Trap of Zero-Sum Games

（四）互利共赢：跳出零和博弈的陷阱

"The ancient Silk Road witnessed the grand scene of 'envoys traveling in an endless stream on land, and merchants never ceasing their journeys' and the bustling sight of 'ships crossing the sea in countless numbers' at sea." [7]7 The quoted phrases are classical Chinese descriptions of the bustling traffic and trade along the ancient Silk Road, the first from the historical records of the Han dynasty, the second from Tang dynasty accounts of maritime trade. Behind the prosperity of the Silk Road lay the support of the concept of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. Mutual benefit serves to achieve win-win outcomes, and win-win outcomes deepen the degree of mutual benefit. The value concept of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes enabled people to break through geographical limitations and create regional great development and prosperity. Mutual benefit and win-win outcomes are both a concept of human development and a goal for all countries. Only by upholding the concept of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes can the goal of win-win outcomes be achieved. In today's world, where global problems are increasingly prominent, no country can solve these problems and realize its own interests by acting alone.

“古丝绸之路见证了陆上‘使者相望于道，商旅不绝于途’的盛况，也见证了海上“舶交海中，不知其数”的繁华”。丝绸之路繁华景象的背后，离不开互利共赢理念的支撑，互利为了实现共赢，共赢深化互利程度，互利共赢的价值理念使人们打破地理限制，创造了地区大发展大繁荣。互利共赢既是人类发展理念，又是各国发展目标，只有秉持互利共赢理念才能实现共赢目标。在全球问题日益凸显的今天，没有一个国家能靠单打独斗解决这些问题并实现自身利益。

The greater the challenges facing world peace and development, the more necessary it is to strengthen international cooperation. Only by凝聚互利共赢的价值共识凝聚 a value consensus of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes can global crises be addressed. The Silk Road spirit of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes, as a powerful weapon against zero-sum game thinking, advocates taking into account the interests and concerns of all parties, seeking points of interest convergence and the greatest common denominator for cooperation, and promoting the full use of the wisdom and creativity of all parties as well as their respective strengths and potential. Mutual benefit and win-win outcomes are the basic principle for maintaining long-term cooperation among countries in the world. Without mutual benefit, cooperation cannot be sustained; without win-win outcomes, cooperation lacks confidence. The Belt and Road Initiative transcends colonialism, imperialism, and fascism, pushing the world into an “era of win-winism.” [1]1 The term “win-winism” (共赢主义) is a concept coined by Chinese scholar Hu Angang to describe a stage of globalization characterized by mutual benefit and shared development, as opposed to earlier colonial or imperialist models. It elevates the win-win and multi-win approaches championed in the early period of China’s reform and opening up to a comprehensive, open win-winism, sharing China’s development achievements and opportunities with the world. Only under the guidance of the concept of mutual benefit and win-win outcomes can the international community escape the endless trap of conflict based on a zero-sum logic, fostering a harmonious atmosphere in which one country’s development drives regional development, and regional development drives global development, allowing all countries to fully display their talents on the world stage and share the fruits of development.

世界和平与发展面临的挑战越大，越要加强国际合作，只有凝聚互利共赢的价值共识才能应对全球性危机。互利共赢的丝路精神作为打击零和博弈思维的有力武器，主张兼顾各方利益和关切，寻求利益契合点和合作最大公约数，提倡充分发挥各方智慧和创意，充分发挥各方优势和潜力。互利共赢是世界各国之间维持长远合作的基本原则，离开了互利，合作难以为继；离开了共赢，合作没有底气。“一带一路”的倡议超越殖民主义、帝国主义和法西斯主义，推动世界开启了一个“共赢主义时代”。它将中国改革开放前期所推崇的双赢、多赢上升至全方位开放的共赢主义，向世界分享中国发展成果和机遇。只有在互利共赢理念引领下，国际社会才能跳出非赢即输的无止境冲突陷阱，营造出一国发展带动地区发展、地区发展带动全球发展的和谐氛围，各国得以在世界舞台上充分施展才能，共享发展成果。

IV. Practical Pathways for Leading the Reform and Construction of the Global Governance System with the Silk Road Spirit

四、以丝路精神引领全球治理体系改革与建设的实践路径

The common values of all humanity, the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, multilateralism, and building a community with a shared future for mankind are all Chinese diplomatic initiatives and are the conceptual embodiment of the Silk Road spirit. Guided by the Silk Road spirit, we should “actively participate in the reform and construction of the global governance system, practice the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, adhere to true multilateralism, and promote the democratization of international relations,” [2]2 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s report to the 20th National working together with people of all countries to steer the international order and global governance system toward a more just and reasonable direction.

全人类共同价值、共商共建共享全球治理观、多边主义、构建人类命运共同体等都是中国外交倡议，是丝路精神的理念体现。在丝路精神指引下，我们应该“积极参与全球治理体系改革和建设，践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，坚持真正的多边主义，推进国际关系民主化”，同世界各国人民一道，推进国际秩序和全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理方向发展。

(I) Promoting the Common Values of All Humanity: Steering the Global Governance System toward a More Just and Reasonable Direction

（一）弘扬全人类共同价值：推动全球治理体系朝更加公正合理的方向发展

Just as all humanity aspires to a better life and global governance pursues good governance, the “common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom” that we advocate have emerged through interaction and evolution amid diverse ideas. The common values of all humanity focus on the overall interests of humanity, reflect the cognition and exploration of peoples of all countries regarding common development issues, and break through the barriers of state-centrism and national supremacism. Unlike the “universal values” centered on Western countries, based on the theory of the clash of civilizations and promoted through coercive means, the common values of all humanity are grounded in the real social practices of concrete individuals, advocating the exploration of a value consensus on human common survival amid differentiated value demands. They are value principles in a constant state of historical generation and practical development. The common values of all humanity are built upon the philosophical concepts of civilizational equality and civilizational respect, respecting the autonomy of different nations and countries in choosing forms of value realization. They are a value distillation of humanity’s common and universal practical life experiences from the standpoint of a shared human destiny, and also a profound embodiment of the Silk Road spirit in the realm of human values.

正如全体人类都向往美好生活、全球治理追求善治一样，我们所倡导的“和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值”，是在多样化观念中交互、流变而来。全人类共同价值关注人类整体利益，反映了各国人民对共同发展问题的认知和探索，突破了国家本位主义和民族至上主义的藩篱。不同于以西方国家为中心、以文明冲突论为价值基础并依靠强制手段推行的“普世价值”观，全人类共同价值是以现实个人的真实社会实践活动为依托，主张在差异化的价值诉求中探索人类关于共同生存的价值共识，是处于不断历史生成和实践发展中的价值原则。全人类共同价值建立在文明平等论和文明尊重论的哲学理念之上，尊重不同民族和国家选择价值实现形式的自主性，是站在人类共同命运立场上对其共同、普遍生活实践经历的价值提炼，也是丝路精神在人类价值观念领域的深刻体现。

As a value guide concerning the direction of the times, the common values of all humanity also demonstrate significant practical effects in resolving multiple crises on a global scale. Promoting the reform and construction of the global governance system is a common cause for all humanity. Only by starting from the common values of all humanity can widespread support be won. Universal, equal dialogue and consultation among countries is the concrete practical pathway for the common values of humanity to lead global governance. As the common values of all humanity increasingly take root in people’s hearts, the international community will more strongly support and identify with resolving common human crises through openness, inclusiveness, equal consultation, and coordinated efforts, pushing the world steadily toward harmonious development and common prosperity, and steering the global governance system toward a more just and reasonable direction.

作为关涉时代走向的价值引领，全人类共同价值在化解全球范围的多重危机中也彰显出显著的实践效应。推动全球治理体系改革和建设是全人类共同事业，只有从全人类共同价值出发才能赢得普遍支持。各国之间进行普遍平等对话协商便是人类共同价值观引领全球治理的具体实践路径。随着全人类共同价值日益深入人心，国际社会将更加支持和认同以开放包容、平等协商和协同发力的方式解决全人类共同危机，推动世界不断走向和谐发展和共同繁荣，推动全球治理体系朝更加公正合理的方向发展。

(II) Practicing the Global Governance Concept of Extensive Consultation, Joint Contribution, and Shared Benefits: Promoting the Establishment of a New Type of International Relations Centered on Cooperation and Win-Win Outcomes

（二）践行共商共建共享的全球治理观：推动建立以合作共赢为核心的新型国际关系

The global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits advocated by China emphasizes the equality of subjects, consultation as the foundation, and shared responsibility in the governance process. It reflects the common interests and demands of all countries, asserting that global governance is not a matter of a few countries closing their doors to discuss and decide the affairs of other countries, nor is it governance of other countries by a few, still less the exclusive enjoyment of global governance outcomes by a few. The destiny of the world should be jointly grasped by all countries, international rules should be jointly written by all countries, global affairs should be jointly governed by all countries, and development achievements should be jointly shared by all countries. The global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits is China’s new concept and new thinking on global governance, and a concrete embodiment of the Silk Road spirit in the field of global governance concepts.

中国倡导的共商共建共享的全球治理观，强调治理过程中的主体平等、协商为本和共同责任，反映了各国普遍的利益诉求，主张全球治理不是少数国家关起门来讨论决定其他国家事务，也不是由少数国家来治理其他国家，更不是少数国家排他性地享受全球治理成果。世界命运应由各国共同掌握，国际规则应由各国共同书写，全球事务应由各国共同治理，发展成果也应由各国共同分享。共商共建共享的全球治理观，是中国关于全球治理的新理念新思想，是丝路精神在全球治理观念领域的具体体现。

The global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, along with its practice in Belt and Road international cooperation, not only helps global governance escape practical and theoretical dilemmas but will also lead in shaping a new type of global governance and world order. Practicing this global governance concept to address global problems and crises is a necessity of the times and a requirement of development. It requires the joint efforts of all countries, adhering to its inherent principles of equality, fairness, openness, and sustainability. Using the Belt and Road construction as a platform, full consultation should be conducted on project investment, infrastructure construction, and cooperation methods, jointly advancing cooperative projects and sharing the fruits of cooperation, providing solid practical support for the widespread recognition, acceptance, and practice of this global governance concept. As the applicability of the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits expands, their guiding significance in addressing a series of international issues becomes more universal. They will play an increasingly positive guiding and exemplary role in establishing a new type of international relations based on mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation, and in promoting the democratization of international relations.

共商共建共享的全球治理观及其在“一带一路”国际合作中的实践不仅有助于全球治理走出实践和理论的困境，还将引领塑造新型全球治理和世界秩序。践行共商共建共享的全球治理观以应对全球问题和危机是时代之需、发展之义，需要各国一道努力，遵循其固有的平等性、公正性、开放性和持久性原则。以“一带一路”建设为平台，在项目投资、设施建设、合作方式等方面进行充分协商，共同推进合作项目建设，共同享受合作成果，为全球治理观得到广泛认可、接受和践行提供坚实的实践支撑。随着共商共建共享原则的适用性不断扩大，其指导应对一系列国际问题的意义也更具普遍性，对建立相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系，促进国际关系民主化将发挥更加积极的导向与示范作用。

(III) Practicing True Multilateralism: Striving to Promote the Building of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

（三）践行真正的多边主义：全力推动构建人类命运共同体

The world today exhibits a trend of pluralistic political development. The multiple actors, multiple ideas, and multiple practices in international society have become basic elements driving world politics. Some countries publicly claim to support multilateralism on the international stage, yet behind the scenes they are keen on forming “small circles” and “small blocs,” practicing unilateralism in the name of multilateralism, creating confrontation and division. Practicing true multilateralism means “upholding the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order based on international law.” [3]3 “Benefiting the whole world” (兼济天下) is a Confucian ideal from Mencius, meaning to bring benefits to all under heaven. The international community should follow the rules and consensus jointly reached by multilateral institutions to govern. True multilateralism breaks out of the binary paradox of rules and power, avoids the sharp contradictions between pluralistic values and unitary interests, and between universal aspirations and local standards. It “transcends Western-centrism, state-centrism, and ideological differences, adopts an open and inclusive attitude toward different concepts and principles, and emphasizes the common values of all humanity and the community identity of a shared destiny for mankind,” [4]4 “Great harmony under heaven” (天下大同) is a classical Confucian concept of an ideal, harmonious world order, often associated with the *Book of Rites* (《礼记》). providing a vivid interpretation of the Silk Road spirit.

当今世界政治呈现多元发展态势，国际社会中的多元行为体、多元理念和多元实践成为推动世界政治运行的基本要素。某些国家在国际舞台上公开声称支持多边主义，背地里却热衷于拉“小圈子”“小集团”，以多边主义之名行单边主义之实，制造对抗和分裂行径。践行真正的多边主义，就是要“维护以联合国为核心的国际体系，以国际法为基础的国际秩序”，国际社会要遵循多边机构共同达成的规则和共识来治理。真正的多边主义跳出了规则与权力的二元悖论逻辑，避免了多元价值与一元利益、普遍追求与地方标准的突出矛盾，“超越西方中心主义、国家中心主义和意识形态分歧，对不同理念原则秉持开放包容的态度，强调全人类共同价值以及人类命运与共的共同体身份”，是对丝路精神的生动诠释。

Entering the new century, the world order increasingly exhibits multipolar characteristics. “This is reflected in the rise of so-called ‘emerging powers,’ especially China, and is also a product of the development of globalization and global governance, and the increasing importance of non-state actors.” [5]5 The "sword of Damocles" is a classical allusion from Greek legend, referring to an imminent and ever-present danger, often used to describe a perilous situation that could collapse at any moment. Guided by the concept of true multilateralism, China has always acted as a defender of the international order, taking the lead in abiding by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and continuously contributing Chinese solutions to promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. If the international community practices true multilateralism, the common problems facing humanity will be better resolved, the reform and construction of the global governance system will proceed more smoothly, and the foundation for building a community with a shared future for mankind will become more solid.

进入新世纪，世界秩序越来越呈现多极特征，“这体现在所谓‘新兴大国’特别是中国的崛起上，也是全球化和全球治理的发展、非国家行为体日益重要的产物”。在真正的多边主义理念引领下，中国始终做国际秩序的维护者，带头遵守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，为推动构建人类命运共同体不断贡献中国方案。国际社会践行真正的多边主义，人类面临的共同问题就会得到更好解决，全球治理体系改革和建设就会进展更加顺利，构建人类命运共同体的基础就会更加牢固。

(IV) Innovating Global Governance Concepts: Providing Chinese Wisdom for Resolving the Global Governance Deficit

（四）创新全球治理理念：为破解全球治理赤字提供中国智慧

In the present era, the governance deficit has become one of the severe challenges facing all of humanity. Whether at the theoretical or practical level, global governance faces a serious deficit, and concepts and solutions for global governance urgently need innovation and renewal. As “global challenges are increasing day by day, strengthening global governance and promoting reform of the global governance system is a general trend.” [8]8 Xi Innovating the concept of global governance is the guiding link in responding to the real crisis and eliminating the global governance deficit, playing a positive leading role in promoting the reform and construction of the global governance system. Under the guidance of the Silk Road spirit, China, on the basis of deeply summarizing the experience of human social governance, combining current international realities, and fully considering the specific national conditions of various countries, has carried out systematic innovation in the concepts and practical experience of global governance, gradually advancing the reform and construction of the global governance system, and making positive contributions to alleviating the global governance deficit.

当今时代，治理赤字已成为摆在全人类面前的严峻挑战之一。无论是在理论层面还是实践层面，全球治理都面临着严重赤字，全球治理理念与方案亟需推陈出新。随着“全球性挑战日益增多，加强全球治理、推动全球治理体系变革是大势所趋。”创新全球治理理念是应对现实危机、消除全球治理赤字的先导环节，对推动全球治理体系改革与建设起着积极的引领作用。在丝路精神引领下，中国在深入总结人类社会治理经验、结合当前国际现实并充分考虑各国特殊国情基础上，对全球治理理念和实践经验进行系统性创新，逐步推进全球治理体系改革和建设，为缓解全球治理赤字做出积极贡献。

To uphold the concept of open development, China has proposed and implemented the Global Development Initiative, firmly upholding the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organization, and actively promoting the construction of an open world economic system. To uphold the concept of peace and cooperation, China unswervingly follows the path of peaceful development, advocates a concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security, proposes and implements the Global Security Initiative, and actively promotes the construction of a global security governance system. At the same time, China actively promotes exchanges and mutual learning among different civilizations, innovates the concept of global ecological governance, upholds the development concept of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, and, with a new and scientific view of nature and successful practice in ecological governance, calls on all countries to consciously assume the historical responsibility of protecting the environment and jointly create a harmonious and livable human home.

为秉持开放发展理念，中国提出并践行“全球发展倡议”，坚定维护以世界贸易组织为中心的多边贸易体制，积极推动构建开放型世界经济体系。为秉持和平合作理念，中国坚定不移走和平发展道路，倡导共同、综合、合作、可持续安全观，提出并践行“全球安全倡议”，积极推动构建全球安全治理体系。与此同时，中国积极推进不同文明交流互鉴，创新全球生态治理理念，秉持人与自然和谐共生发展理念，以一种全新科学的自然观和生态治理成功实践号召各国自觉承担起保护环境的历史重任，共同营造和谐宜居的人类家园。

In summary, under the guidance of the Silk Road spirit, China has creatively put forward the common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom—a global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, and a new type of international relations centered on mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. It has actively promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, providing a continuous source of ideological impetus and practical experience for the reform and construction of the global governance system.

总之，在丝路精神的引领下，中国创造性地提出了和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值、共商共建共享的全球治理观和以相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢为核心的新型国际关系，并积极推动构建人类命运共同体，为全球治理体系改革和建设提供了源源不断的思想动力和实践经验。

V. Conclusion

五、总结

With the accelerated evolution of the world pattern, the future direction of human development is full of uncertainty, and world peace and development still face serious threats. Although a new world war has not broken out, the destructive power of economic and trade wars and ideological wars is no less than that of traditional hot wars, and local wars have brought greater shocks to the world than ever before. In the face of the enormous challenges currently confronting global governance, the international community urgently needs a consensus value to resolve differences in concepts among countries and promote international cooperation. The Silk Road spirit, with “peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning, and mutual benefit and win-win” at its core, originated from the friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries along the ancient Silk Road, developed through the practical experience of modern international cooperation, relies on the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative initiated by China, conforms to the common value identity of all humanity, is a crystallization of the wisdom of all humanity that transcends time and space, and plays a positive value-guiding role in resolving the dilemmas of contemporary global governance. China, together with other countries, “promotes high-quality development, builds a new development pattern, and jointly builds the Belt and Road… explores new paths for promoting common development, and achieves mutual benefit and win-win with the countries involved in the initiative,” [9] advancing the international order and the global governance system in a more just and reasonable direction.

随着世界格局加速演进，人类未来发展方向充满着不确定性，世界和平和发展仍面临严重威胁。尽管新的世界大战尚未爆发，但经济贸易战争和意识形态战争的破坏力毫不逊于传统热战，并且局部战争给全球带来了比以往更大的冲击。在当前全球治理面临的巨大挑战面前，国际社会亟需一种共识价值来化解各国理念分歧，推动国际合作。以“和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢”为核心的丝路精神源于古丝绸之路的中外友好交往实践，发展于现代国际合作的现实经历，以中国发起的“一带一路”项目建设为依托，符合全人类共同价值认同，是跨越时空的全人类智慧结晶，对破解当代全球治理困境起到积极的价值引领作用。中国携手各国“推动高质量发展、构建新发展格局和共建‘一带一路’，……探索了促进共同发展的新路子，实现了同共建国家互利共赢”，推进国际秩序和全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理方向发展。

As the only spirit in the field of diplomacy included in the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese Communists, [10] the Silk Road spirit is a spiritual condensation and profound summary of China’s diplomatic concepts since the New Era. Under its directional guidance and development framework, the Communist Party of China promotes the common values of all humanity—peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom—continuously carries out innovation in diplomatic theory and global governance concepts, actively practices the global governance concept of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits, promotes the establishment of a new type of international relations of “mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation,” and promotes economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, balanced, and win-win direction for all, advancing the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. These concepts and their practices are based on the common interests of all humanity, reflect the deep aspirations of the people of all countries for a better life, and play an important guiding role in advancing the transformation of the global governance system and the practical path toward achieving global good governance.

作为唯一入选中国共产党人精神谱系的外交领域精神，丝路精神是对新时代以来中国外交理念的精神凝练和深刻总结。在其方向引领和发展框架下，中国共产党弘扬和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的全人类共同价值，不断进行外交理论创新和全球治理理念创新，积极践行共商共建共享的全球治理观，推动建立“相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢”的新型国际关系，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展，推动构建人类命运共同体。这些理念及其实践立足于全人类共同利益，反映了世界各国人民对美好生活的深切期盼，为推进全球治理体系变革、实现全球善治的实践路径发挥了重要引领作用。

(Author bios: Yin Xuepeng, Vice Dean and Associate Professor, School of Politics and Administration, China West Normal University, Executive Director and Researcher, Sichuan Center for Party History and Party Building Research; Xu Xiujun, Director and Researcher, Department of International Political Economy, Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Doctoral Supervisor)

（作者简介：尹学朋，西华师范大学政治与行政学院副院长，副教授，四川党史党建研究中心执行主任，研究员；徐秀军，中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所国际政治经济学研究室主任，研究员，博士生导师）

Online Editor: Tongxin

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