Persist in Synergistically Driving Forward the Deepening of Supply-Side Structural Reform and the Expansion of Effective Demand

The “five musts” proposed by the Central Economic Work Conference deepen the understanding of the laws governing economic work in the New Era and serve as an important guideline for policy formulation and the advancement of economic work in the current period and for some time to come. The “five musts” are internally interconnected and form an integrated whole; “must persist in synergistically driving forward the deepening of supply-side structural reform and the expansion of effective demand” is an important link within them.

中央经济工作会议提出的“五个必须”，深化了新时代做好经济工作的规律性认识，是当前和今后一段时期政策制定、经济工作推进的重要遵循。“五个必须”具有内在关联，自成一体，“必须坚持深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力”是其中重要一环。

I. Expanding Domestic Demand and Optimizing Supply Must Be Advanced Simultaneously

一、扩大内需和优化供给必须同时发力

In his important speech, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must coordinate the expansion of domestic demand and the optimization of supply, break through the blockages, bottlenecks, and sticking points in their integration, and give full play to the advantages of a super-large market and strong production capacity.” Persisting in synergistically driving forward the deepening of supply-side structural reform and the expansion of effective demand helps achieve a dynamic balance between the demand side and the supply side in macroeconomic regulation, is conducive to fully leveraging China’s unique advantages in market scale and production capacity, accelerates the construction of a new development pattern, and promotes high-quality development to continuously reach new heights.

习近平总书记在重要讲话中指出：“要统筹推进扩大内需和优化供给，打通两者结合的断点堵点卡点，发挥超大规模市场和强大生产能力的优势。” 坚持深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力，有助于宏观调控上实现需求端和供给端的动态平衡，有利于充分发挥我国独特的市场规模优势和生产能力优势，加快构建新发展格局，推动高质量发展不断迈上新的台阶。

China is a large country with its own development characteristics. Chinese-path modernization is leading a population of over 1.4 billion toward common prosperity, with immense potential purchasing power in the market. The completeness of its industrial categories and systems ranks among the highest in the world. If the advantages of its super-large market and strong production capacity are fully realized, the productive forces will develop rapidly, and the country’s comprehensive national strength will be swiftly enhanced. It is necessary, from a strategic and overall perspective, to take domestic demand as the main driver of demand, so that the domestic economic cycle is built on the foundation of the main driver of domestic demand. In the current period and for some time to come, striving to expand domestic demand is an important task in economic work, a key measure for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, and a crucial lever for promoting high-quality development. At present, the proportion of domestic demand in total demand in China is relatively low, and the potential of the domestic market needs further tapping, which also indicates that there is significant room for expanding domestic demand. At the same time, it must be recognized that insufficient effective demand and overcapacity in some industries are prominent problems currently facing the economy, and focusing on expanding domestic demand is an urgent priority.

我国是一个有着自身发展特征的大国，中国式现代化正使14亿多人口走向共同富裕的道路，市场购买力潜能巨大，产业门类体系完整程度居世界前列，拥有的超大规模市场和强大生产能力的优势若得以充分发挥，生产力将迅猛发展，国家综合实力将迅速提升。必须从战略和全局上把国内需求作为需求主动力，使国内大循环建立在内需主动力的基础上。当前和今后一段时期，努力扩大内需是做好经济工作的一项重要任务，是加快构建新发展格局的关键举措，是推动高质量发展的重要抓手。当前，我国内需占总需求的比重偏低，国内市场潜力有待进一步挖掘，这也说明扩大我国内需有很大空间。同时，要看到有效需求不足、部分行业产能过剩等是当前经济面临的突出问题，着力扩大内需是当务之急。

The focus of expanding domestic demand is to enhance effective demand and increase the degree of matching between demand and supply. Consumption is the main body of effective demand; expanding residents’ consumption means expanding effective demand. Efforts must be made from multiple aspects, including increasing employment, raising incomes, improving expectations, perfecting the market, and innovating consumption scenarios, to strive to expand residents’ consumption and strengthen the traction of consumption on economic growth. The contribution of China’s final consumption expenditure to economic growth is continuously rising; efforts should be made to grasp this trend and continuously enhance the role of consumption demand in driving the economy. At the same time, the driving role of investment demand in economic growth must be brought into play, by appropriately making advance investments in a number of major infrastructure projects with demand prospects, and increasing investment in strategic emerging industries as well as in the fields of science, technology, culture, education, and healthcare.

扩大内需的着力点是提升有效需求，增强需求与供给的匹配度。消费是有效需求的主体，扩大居民消费就是扩大有效需求。要从增加就业、提高收入、改善预期、完善市场、创新消费场景等多方面入手，努力扩大居民消费，增强消费对经济增长的牵引力。我国最终消费支出对经济增长的贡献度不断上升，应努力把握好这种趋势，持续提升消费需求在拉动经济中的作用。同时要发挥好投资需求对经济增长的带动作用，适当超前投资一批有需求前景的重大基础设施，加大对战略性新兴产业以及科技文化教育医疗领域的投资力度。

To do economic work well, it is not enough to merely start from demand management; it is also necessary to optimize from the supply side, so that better supply and expanded demand form a joint force to promote stable and progressive economic development. Deepening supply-side structural reform is not simply about expanding supply, but about optimizing the supply structure, increasing effective supply, promoting the optimization and upgrading of the supply side, and stimulating potential demand with high-quality products and services. Practice has proven that since the implementation of supply-side structural reform, significant changes have occurred on the supply side of China’s economy. The supply of various new products and high-quality products has greatly increased, which has not only enlivened and invigorated the market but also effectively promoted the transformation and upgrading of industries.

做好经济工作，仅仅从需求管理入手还不够，还需要从供给端加以优化，以更好的供给与扩大的需求形成合力，推动经济发展稳中有进。深化供给侧结构性改革不是简单地扩大供给，而是要优化供给结构，增加有效供给，促进供给端的优化升级，以高品质的产品和服务激发潜在的需求。实践证明，自实施供给侧结构性改革以来，我国经济的供给一端发生了显著的变化，各种新产品、优质产品的供给大大增加，不仅繁荣活跃了市场，而且有力促进了产业的转型升级。

To achieve the synergistic driving forward of the deepening of supply-side structural reform and the expansion of effective demand, great efforts must also be made to build a unified national market, focus on solving the problems of local protection and market segmentation, promote fair competition, ensure that effective demand is met, and facilitate the smooth circulation of effective supply. Starting from multiple aspects, such as unified basic institutional rules, unified and connected market facilities, and unified market supervision, a highly efficient and standardized unified national market should be established, the blockages in the national economic cycle should be cleared, and a solid foundation should be laid for coordinating the expansion of domestic demand and the optimization of supply.

实现深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力，还必须下大力气建设全国统一大市场，着力解决地方保护和市场分割的问题，促进公平竞争，使有效需求得到满足，促进有效供给畅通循环。要从统一的基础制度规则、统一联通的市场设施、统一的市场监管等多方面入手，建立全国高效规范的统一大市场，打通国民经济循环的堵点，为统筹扩大内需和优化供给构筑坚实的基础。

II. Achieving a High-Level Dynamic Balance Between Supply and Demand

二、实现供给和需求高水平动态平衡

Demand drives supply, and supply creates demand. Demand and supply, as two key factors affecting economic activity, are themselves interrelated and, to a certain extent, mutually causal. The practice of macroeconomic management both domestically and internationally has fully proven that regulating the macroeconomy solely from the demand side cannot truly solve the problems, especially the inability to address some deep-seated structural issues. Emphasizing simultaneous efforts on both the demand side and the supply side, and coordinating the expansion of domestic demand and the optimization of supply, is a dialectical analysis of the contradiction between demand and supply, an explanation of the internal mechanisms of economic development from a systemic perspective, and a profound grasp of the understanding of the laws of economic development.

需求牵引供给，供给创造需求。需求与供给作为影响经济活动的两大关键因素，本身也是相互关联的，并在一定程度上互为因果。国内外宏观经济管理的实践充分证明，仅仅从需求一端去调控宏观经济，并不能使问题得到真正解决，尤其是无法触及一些深层次的结构性问题。强调在需求端和供给端同时发力，统筹扩大内需和优化供给，是辩证地分析需求与供给这对矛盾，以系统观阐明经济发展的内在机理，是对经济发展规律性认识的深刻把握。

Demand is the main force driving economic growth and the ultimate destination of all products and services. The “three carriages” of consumption, investment, and exports always play a decisive role in economic growth; the expansion of demand is inevitably conducive to a certain amount of quantitative economic growth. Maintaining the steady expansion of demand is a prerequisite for promoting economic growth—this is a basic principle of economics. Especially in the current situation of weak global economic recovery and long-term insufficient external demand, striving to expand domestic demand is of even greater significance; it is a task that must be done well, bearing on the present and benefiting the long term. The Central Economic Work Conference adheres to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability; maintaining the steady development of the national economy is the foundation, and expanding domestic demand is the prerequisite and condition for achieving stable growth.

需求是拉动经济增长的主要力量，是一切产品和服务的最终归宿。消费、投资、出口这“三驾马车”，始终对经济增长具有决定性的作用，需求的扩大必然有利于经济一定量的增长。保持需求的稳步扩大是促进经济增长的前提，这是经济学的基本原理。尤其是在当前世界经济复苏乏力、外部需求长期不足的形势下，努力扩大内需更具有重要意义，是事关当前、利在长远的必须做好的工作。中央经济工作会议坚持稳中求进的工作总基调，保持国民经济稳步发展是基础，扩大内需是实现稳增长的前提和条件。

Demand is also variable and non-static; under certain conditions, it can change due to new supply—this is the understanding of the law that supply creates demand. When new effective supply appears, especially supply carrying the achievements of scientific and technological innovation, new demand will be created, as has been proven by the reality of economic development. When smartphones did not exist, people used mobile phones only to meet the demand for voice calls. After smartphones were introduced, especially when combined with new technologies such as the internet, big data, 4G, and 5G, new types of demand, such as mobile internet consumption using smartphones as terminals, were rapidly created and developed explosively. Deepening supply-side structural reform means adhering to “promoting stability through progress,” by optimizing supply to release more high-quality products and services to the market, striving to create new demand, and enabling demand and supply to achieve a new balance in dynamic development.

需求又是可变的、非静止的，在一定条件下会因新的供给而发生变化，这就是供给创造需求的规律性认识。当新的有效供给出现时，尤其是承载科技创新成果的供给出现时，新的需求将会被创造出来，这已被经济发展的现实所证明。当智能手机没有出现时，人们使用手机只是满足通话的需求，智能手机问世后，尤其是与互联网、大数据、4G和5G等新技术结合后，以智能手机为终端的移动互联网消费等新型需求被迅速地创造出来，并呈现井喷发展态势。深化供给侧结构性改革就是坚持“以进促稳”，通过优化供给向市场投放更多优质的产品和服务，努力创造新的需求，使需求和供给在动态发展中实现新的平衡。

Persisting in synergistically driving forward the deepening of supply-side structural reform and the expansion of effective demand is based on China’s national conditions and is highly compatible with the realization of Chinese-path modernization. China’s advantage of a super-large market can create favorable conditions for expanding domestic demand. At the same time, China is the only country in the world possessing all industrial categories in the United Nations industrial classification, with its supply capacity ranking among the top in the world and leading in many industries and fields, laying a material and technological foundation for optimizing supply. Highlighting a holistic approach in the guiding ideology of economic development, emphasizing the synergistic efforts on both the supply and demand sides, comprehensively leveraging the advantages of the super-large market and strong production capacity, and focusing on dynamic balance represent an in-depth exploration of the laws of economic development in a large country.

坚持深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力，是从中国国情出发，与实现中国式现代化高度契合。我国拥有的超大规模市场优势可以为扩大内需创造有利条件，我国同时又是世界上唯一的拥有联合国工业分类中所有工业类别的国家，供给能力在世界上位居前列，在许多行业和领域居世界之首，为优化供给奠定了物质技术基础。在经济发展指导思想上突出统筹观，强调坚持供给和需求两端协同发力，综合发挥超大规模市场优势和强大生产能力优势，注重动态平衡，是对大国经济发展规律的深入探索。

III. Adhering to Innovation Leadership in Expanding Domestic Demand and Optimizing Supply

三、在扩大内需和优化供给中坚持创新引领

To synergistically drive forward the deepening of supply-side structural reform and the expansion of effective demand, it is necessary to always adhere to the concept of innovation-driven development, use an innovative mindset to lead the dynamic balance between the two, focus on promoting industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, foster market innovation, achieve two-way structural optimization on the supply side and the demand side, and collaboratively advance high-quality development.

深化供给侧结构性改革和扩大有效需求协同发力，必须始终坚持创新发展的理念，以创新意识统领二者的动态平衡，重点是以科技创新推动产业创新，促进市场创新，实现供给端和需求端的双向结构优化，协同推进高质量发展。

On the demand side, we must seek momentum, space, and growth from innovation, start from multiple angles, strive to expand domestic demand, and strengthen the main driver of domestic demand on which the domestic economic cycle relies.

在需求一端，要向创新要动能、要空间、要增长，从多方入手，努力扩大内需，增强国内大循环所依靠的内需主动力。

Strengthen institutional and mechanism innovation, reconstruct the systems, institutions, and rules conducive to expanding domestic demand, and establish institutional guarantees for releasing new effective demand. Resolutely eliminate certain restrictive consumption policies that are not conducive to expanding domestic demand, introduce more supportive policies favorable to private investment, and adopt a nationally unified and standardized market supervision system, so that the market’s consumption energy and investment potential can be fully released. Based on new changes in consumer demand, seize new market opportunities and create a favorable consumption environment. We must cultivate and expand new types of consumption, vigorously developing digital consumption, green consumption, and health consumption. Build a number of international consumption center cities and regional consumption center cities to drive consumption expansion in surrounding areas. Leverage institutional advantages, concentrate efforts to increase investment in key areas and projects with strong driving effects.

加强体制机制创新，重构有利于扩大内需的制度、体制和规则，为释放新的有效需求建立制度保障。坚决消除不利于扩大内需的一些限制性消费政策，多出台一些有利于民间投资的支持性政策，采取全国统一规范的市场监管制度，使市场的消费能量和投资潜能得以充分释放。要根据消费需求的新变化，把握新的市场机会，营造良好的消费环境。要培育壮大新型消费，大力发展数字消费、绿色消费、健康消费。打造一批国际消费中心城市和区域消费中心城市，带动周边地区扩大消费。发挥体制优势，集中精力加大在重点领域和带动性强的项目上的投资力度。

Make full use of various new technologies and inventions, actively develop new markets, and stimulate demand potential. Science and technology are advancing with each passing day; the application of a large number of new technologies and achievements stimulates a great deal of new demand. Early online music, limited by transmission technology and digital products, allowed consumers only to passively listen to songs. Today, with the application of new technologies such as broadband, 5G, big data, and artificial intelligence, online music has entered an era of interactive and immersive listening, and the music consumption market is no longer comparable to the era of records or the early internet. In the era of the digital economy, besides new music consumption, new consumption forms such as immersive theaters, immersive tourism, and personalized self-creation have also emerged. Making full use of new science and technology to create new consumption scenarios and expand new consumption spaces can greatly stimulate potential effective demand.

充分利用各种新技术、新发明，积极开发新的市场，激发需求潜力。科学技术发展日新月异，大量的新技术、新成果的应用，使得大量的新需求得以激发。早期的网络音乐由于受传输技术和数字产品的限制，消费者只能被动地听歌，如今在宽带、5G、大数据、人工智能等新技术的应用下，网络音乐进入了互动加沉浸式的听歌时代，音乐消费市场已和唱片时代和早期互联网时代不可同日而语。在数字经济时代，除了新的音乐消费外，沉浸式剧场、沉浸式旅游、个性化自我创作等新的消费形态也已出现。充分利用新的科学技术，创造新的消费场景，拓展消费新空间，可以大大激发潜在的有效需求。

Extend the focus of expanding domestic demand from cities to rural areas, combine it with rural revitalization, and strive to expand rural consumption demand and investment demand. In building a unified national market, the construction of the rural market is an important component. We must accelerate the construction of standardized market facilities in rural areas and extend a smooth logistics system to villages. We must vigorously develop rural e-commerce and online consumption, so that villagers, like urban residents, can easily place orders via mobile phones and receive satisfactory goods in a timely manner. Rural investment is a huge market; rural roads, household pipeline networks, gas and water supply, and health and medical construction alone represent a significant demand that can release enormous energy.

把扩大内需的着力点由城市向农村延伸，结合乡村振兴，努力扩大农村的消费需求和投资需求。建立全国统一大市场，农村市场的建设是重要一块。要加快农村标准化市场设施的建设，将畅通的物流体系延伸到乡村。要大力发展农村的电商和网络消费，使得村民也能和城市居民一样，可以轻松通过手机下单买到并及时收到称心的商品。农村投资是一个巨大的市场，仅乡村道路、入户管网、供气供水、卫生医疗建设就是一项很大的需求，能够释放巨大的能量。

On the supply side, we must take scientific and technological innovation as the guide, continuously promote industrial innovation, increase effective supply, create new demand, and promote a higher-level equilibrium between supply and demand.

在供给一端，则要以科技创新为引领，持续推动产业创新，增加有效供给，创造新的需求，促进供给和需求在更高的水平上实现均衡。

We must take scientific and technological innovation as the driving force to comprehensively upgrade the industrial level, promote the transformation and upgrading of a large number of traditional industries, and provide the market with more new products, high-quality products, and replacement products. The scale of China’s manufacturing industry ranks first in the world, but overall it is still in the middle and low end of the value chain. Product quality and functionality need improvement, and many industries face overcapacity. In fact, this is not an absolute surplus of supply, but a structural surplus; high-quality supply and effective supply are still welcomed by the market. For example, the phenomenon of new domestic mobile phones being in such hot demand that they are hard to buy, and domestic new energy vehicles outselling similar foreign brand cars in the market, fully demonstrates the market effect of optimizing supply through scientific and technological innovation. Therefore, we must unswervingly follow the path of industrial scientific and technological innovation, promote consumption upgrading through industrial upgrading, and drive more investment projects with market prospects.

要以科技创新为动力，全面提升产业层次，促进大量的传统产业转型升级，向市场提供更多的新产品、优质产品和换代产品。我国制造业发展规模居全球第一，但总体上仍处于价值链中低端，产品在品质和功能上有待提升，许多行业产能过剩。其实，这不是供给的绝对过剩，而是结构性过剩，优质的供给、有效的供给仍然受到市场的欢迎。例如，国产新手机在市场上出现一机难求的热销场面，国产新能源汽车市场销量超过同类国外品牌汽车，充分说明科技创新促进优化供给带来的市场效应。因此，必须坚定不移走产业科技创新道路，以产业升级促进消费升级，并带动更多有市场前景的投资项目。

We must accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries, lay out future industries as early as possible, and form and develop new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces reflect the trends of the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, represent the competitiveness of the new economy, and are the key direction to grasp for optimizing supply. New industries, new drivers, and new models are the main characteristics of new quality productive forces, with new industries mainly supported by strategic emerging industries and future industries. Strategic emerging industries are directly related to whether China can achieve industrial upgrading and modernization of the industrial chain. They can solve many key and fundamental problems for optimizing supply, such as equipment and components, advanced materials, key processes, and high-end software, and must be accelerated in development and promotion. Future industries are related to the first-mover advantages and strengths in future economic competition; they are new tracks for the development of science and technology industries. Many of them are undergoing rapid iteration and practical application, and are about to form huge industrial scales, such as artificial intelligence, the metaverse, life genes, and quantum information. We must seize these new tracks to lay the foundation for long-term effective supply.

要加快发展战略性新兴产业，尽早布局未来产业，形成和发展新质生产力。新质生产力反映了科学技术革命和产业变革的趋势，代表了新经济的竞争力，是优化供给应该把握的重点方向。新产业、新动能、新模式是新质生产力的主要特征，新产业则主要由战略性新兴产业和未来产业所支撑。战略性新兴产业直接关系到我国能否实现产业高级化和产业链现代化，可以为优化供给解决许多关键性、基础性的问题，如设备器件、先进材料、关键工艺、高端软件等，必须加快发展和推进。未来产业则关系到未来经济竞争的先机和优势，是科技产业发展的新赛道，其中许多正在经历快速迭代和实际应用之中，即将形成巨大的产业规模，如人工智能、元宇宙、生命基因、量子信息等，必须抢占这些新赛道，奠定长期有效供给的基础。

Particular attention must be paid to promoting the high-quality development of the digital economy, allowing the digital economy to play a greater role in optimizing supply. Digital technology is one of the fastest-developing and most influential advanced technologies today, and it is most closely integrated with economic activities. Accelerating the development of the digital economy is not only a key direction for optimizing supply but also effectively creates demand. We must deepen the integration of the digital economy with the real economy, making the digital economy closer to the market, closer to industries, and closer to enterprises. Real economy enterprises should introduce and apply more advanced digital technologies and move more towards digitalization, greening, and intelligent development.

要尤其重视和推动数字经济高质量发展，让数字经济在优化供给中发挥更大的作用。数字技术是当今科学技术发展最快、影响最广的先进技术之一，与经济活动的结合最为紧密，加快发展数字经济，既是优化供给的重点方向，又能有力地创造需求。要把数字经济与实体经济的融合推向深入，使数字经济更加贴近市场、贴近产业、贴近企业。实体经济企业要更多地引入和应用先进的数字技术，更多地朝数字化、绿色化、智能化方向发展。

IV. Vigorously Improve the Quality and Level of the International Cycle

四、大力提升国际循环质量和水平

Persisting in coordinated efforts to deepen supply-side structural reform and vigorously expand effective demand does not limit its scope to the domestic cycle; it also includes accelerating the international cycle and improving the quality and level of the international cycle with greater openness.

坚持深化供给侧结构性改革和着力扩大有效需求协同发力，其作用范围并不限于国内循环，还包括加快推进国际循环，以更大的开放力度提升国际循环质量和水平。

The Central Economic Work Conference pointed out that we must accelerate the cultivation of new drivers for foreign trade, consolidate the basic stock of foreign trade and foreign investment, and expand exports of intermediate goods, trade in services, digital trade, and cross-border e-commerce. These key tasks of opening up are closely internally linked to deepening supply-side structural reform. Accelerating their advancement will inevitably help Chinese products and services better enter the international market, absorb and utilize more foreign capital, promote the expansion of effective demand, thereby forming an effect of coordinated efforts from both the supply and demand ends, and improving the quality and level of the international cycle.

中央经济工作会议指出，要加快培育外贸新动能，巩固外贸外资基本盘，拓展中间品贸易、服务贸易、数字贸易、跨境电商出口。这些对外开放的重点工作与深化供给侧结构性改革有紧密的内在联系，加快推进必然有利于中国产品和服务更好进入国际市场，吸收利用更多外来资本，促进有效需求的扩大，从而形成供给与需求两端协同发力的效应，提升国际循环的质量和水平。

We must seize the important opportunity presented by the new advantages in China’s exports, combine it with the advancement of new-type industrialization, and strive to cultivate new drivers for foreign trade, so that China’s products and services continuously move to higher levels in the international cycle, accelerating the process of transitioning from a large manufacturing country to a strong manufacturing country. Since entering the New Era, under the guidance of the concept of innovative development, China’s product exports have shown a significant trend of upgrading and replacement, and “Made in China” has reached new heights and brightness. As important symbols of Chinese products in the international market, the “old three items” of clothing, home appliances, and furniture have quietly been replaced by the “new three items” of new energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products, indicating that China’s product exports are undergoing a milestone change and have formed new drivers. In the past year of 2023, the world’s top seller of new energy vehicles was not Tesla of the United States, but BYD of China. In the same year, Chinese companies such as Huawei and Xiaomi also produced new energy vehicles with strong technological content. In the first 11 months of 2023, China’s lithium battery exports amounted to USD 59.702 billion, a year-on-year increase of 32.7%, ranking first in the world. In photovoltaic products, China has long been the world’s largest exporter. These examples fully demonstrate that deepening supply-side structural reform can effectively promote the upgrade of “Made in China,” explore international effective demand, form new drivers for foreign trade exports, and continuously elevate China’s position in participating in the international cycle.

要抓住我国出口呈现新优势的重要机遇，结合新型工业化的推进，努力培育外贸新动能，使我国的产品和服务在国际循环中不断迈向更高的水平，加快从制造业大国迈向制造业强国的进程。进入新时代以来，在创新发展理念的指导下，我国产品出口呈现显著的升级换代趋势，“中国制造”有了新的高度和亮度。作为国际市场上中国产品的重要标志，服装、家电、家具这“老三样”，已经悄悄地被新能源汽车、锂电池和光伏产品“新三样”所替代，表明我国产品出口正在经历里程碑式的变化，已经形成新的动能。刚刚过去的2023年，问鼎全球新能源汽车销量之冠的，不是美国的特斯拉，而是中国的比亚迪。同一年，华为、小米等中国企业也都造出科技成色十足的新能源汽车。2023年前11个月，我国锂电池出口额为597.02亿美元，同比增长32.7%，居世界第一。在光伏产品上，中国早就是世界第一出口大国。这些例证充分说明，深化供给侧结构性改革，可以有力推动“中国制造”升级，开拓国际有效需求，形成外贸出口新动能，推动我国参与国际循环的地位不断提升。

It is necessary to adapt to the new trends in the development of the digital economy on a global scale, utilize digital technology to conduct international economic exchanges and cooperation, vigorously develop digital trade and cross-border e-commerce, fully leverage China’s advantages in developing the digital economy, and accumulate momentum for expanding a high-level open economy. China already has a number of capable digital platform enterprises that have gone global, forming a significant international influence. We should continue to vigorously develop digital platform enterprises, combining digital trade and cross-border e-commerce exports to closely integrate China’s strong production capacity advantages with the digital economy. It is necessary to further broaden the international perspective, take the global market as the coordinate, align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, and occupy new tracks for the development of the digital economy internationally. In short, it is essential to make solid progress in the coordinated efforts to deepen supply-side structural reform and expand effective demand, actively integrate into economic globalization, accelerate the pace of high-level opening up, and enhance the quality and level of international circulation.

要适应全球范围内数字经济发展的新趋势，利用数字技术开展国际经济交流与合作，大力发展数字贸易、跨境电商，充分发挥我国在发展数字经济方面的优势，为拓展高水平的开放型经济积蓄动能。我国已有一批有实力的数字平台企业走向世界，形成了较大的国际影响力。应继续大力发展数字平台企业，结合数字贸易和跨境电商出口，使我国强大的生产能力优势与数字经济紧密结合。要进一步拓宽国际视野，以全球市场为坐标，对标国际高标准经贸规则，在国际上占据数字经济发展的新赛道。总之，要在深化供给侧结构性改革和扩大有效需求协同发力上做到扎实推进，积极融入经济全球化，加快高水平对外开放的步伐，提升国际循环的质量和水平。

Online editor: Zhang Fujun

网络编辑：张福军