Learn Dialectics from Comrade Mao Zedong

On December 26, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the symposium commemorating the 130th anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s birth. He warmly reviewed Comrade Mao Zedong’s great practice of leading China’s revolution and construction, highly praised the immense contributions Comrade Mao Zedong made to the Chinese nation and the Chinese people, emphasized that Comrade Mao Zedong’s lofty spiritual demeanor is a powerful driving force inspiring us to continue advancing, and set forth clear requirements for commemorating Comrade Mao Zedong through concrete actions and advancing the grand cause of Chinese-path modernization.

2023年12月26日，习近平总书记在纪念毛泽东同志诞辰130周年座谈会上发表重要讲话，深情回顾了毛泽东同志领导中国革命、建设的伟大实践，高度评价毛泽东同志为中华民族、中国人民建立的丰功伟绩，强调毛泽东同志的崇高精神风范是激励我们继续前进的强大动力，对以实际行动纪念毛泽东同志、推进中国式现代化宏伟事业提出明确要求。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Comrade Mao Zedong applied dialectical materialism and historical materialism to the entire work of the proletarian party. In the long and arduous struggles of China’s revolution and construction, he formed positions, viewpoints, and methods with the distinctive characteristics of Chinese Communists, embodied in the three basic aspects of seeking truth from facts, the mass line, and independence and self-reliance. This is the living soul of Mao Zedong Thought.” Comrade Mao Zedong was a great thinker and at the same time a great revolutionary. His works are not scholarship produced in a study; they are products that conform to the trend of the times, satisfy the will of the people, grasp historical initiative, and shoulder historical missions. They are the summation of experience, the understanding of laws, and the crystallization of thought derived from the great struggles of the Party and the people in the long-term practice of leading China’s revolution and construction.

习近平总书记指出：“毛泽东同志把辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义运用于无产阶级政党的全部工作，在中国革命和建设的长期艰苦斗争中形成了具有中国共产党人鲜明特色的立场、观点、方法，体现为实事求是、群众路线、独立自主三个基本方面。这是毛泽东思想活的灵魂。”毛泽东同志是伟大的思想家，同时是伟大的革命家。他的著作不是书斋里的学问，而是顺应时代潮流、满足人民意愿、掌握历史主动、肩负历史使命的产物，是在领导中国革命和建设长期实践中，对党和人民伟大奋斗所作的经验总结、所得出的规律性认识、所获得的思想结晶。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought occupies an important position in Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought and is a significant component of Mao Zedong Thought. Today, studying Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought is of great significance for, on the new journey of the New Era, uniting more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, forging ahead with determination, overcoming difficulties, and comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，在毛泽东哲学思想中具有重要地位，是毛泽东思想的重要组成部分。今天，我们学习毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，对于在新时代新征程，更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，砥砺奋进、攻坚克难，以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业，具有重要意义。

I. Comrade Mao Zedong’s Dialectical Thought Provided a Powerful Spiritual Weapon for China’s Revolution and Construction

一、毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，为中国革命和建设提供了强大的精神武器

Marx pointed out, “Philosophy makes the proletariat its material weapon, just as the proletariat makes philosophy its spiritual weapon.” Marxist philosophy occupies a foundational position in Marxist doctrine, and Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought also occupies a foundational position in Mao Zedong Thought.

马克思指出，“哲学把无产阶级当做自己的物质武器，同样，无产阶级也把哲学当做自己的精神武器”。马克思主义哲学在马克思主义学说中居于基础地位，毛泽东哲学思想在毛泽东思想中也居于基础地位。

Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought is concentratedly embodied in Comrade Mao Zedong’s brilliant works such as *On Practice* and *On Contradiction*. *On Practice* mainly discusses Marxist epistemology, while *On Contradiction* mainly discusses Marxist dialectics. Lenin believed that Marxist philosophy is cast from a single piece of steel, and that dialectics is also the epistemology of Marxism. Comrade Mao Zedong also once said, “World outlook and methodology are one and the same thing; dialectics, epistemology, and logic are also one and the same thing”; “If one does not understand dialectics, then our affairs cannot be handled well; errors in revolution all violate dialectics. But if one understands it, then it can produce tremendous effects. Everything done correctly, when examined, conforms to dialectics. Therefore, all revolutionary comrades, especially cadres, should study dialectics with all their hearts.” Dialectics holds a pivotal position in Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought.

毛泽东哲学思想集中体现在毛泽东同志的《实践论》、《矛盾论》等光辉著作之中。《实践论》主要论述的是马克思主义认识论，《矛盾论》主要论述的是马克思主义辩证法。列宁认为，马克思主义哲学是一整块钢铸成，辩证法也就是马克思主义的认识论。毛泽东同志也曾说过，“世界观同方法论是一个东西，辩证法、认识论、论理学，也是一个东西”；“如果不懂得辩证法，则我们的事情是办不好的，革命中间的错误无一不违反辩证。但如懂得了它，那就能生出绝大的效果。一切做对了的事，考究起来，都是合乎辩证法的，因此一切革命的同志们首先是干部，都应用心地研究辩证法”。辩证法在毛泽东哲学思想中有着举足轻重的地位。

Studying Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought is an important part of studying Mao Zedong’s philosophical thought. The proposal and formation of Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought added new content to the treasure house of Marxist philosophy, laid a solid ideological and theoretical foundation for the Party’s theoretical innovation, and provided a scientific world outlook and methodology for the development of the Party’s and the people’s cause.

学习毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，是学习毛泽东哲学思想的重要内容。毛泽东同志辩证法思想的提出和形成，为马克思主义哲学宝库增添了新内容，为党的理论创新奠定了坚实的思想理论基础，为党和人民事业的发展提供了科学世界观和方法论。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought provided scientific guidance for winning the victory of China’s New Democratic Revolution. During the New Democratic Revolution period, Comrade Mao Zedong flexibly applied Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods, accurately revealed the characteristics and laws of the Chinese revolution, and successfully opened up a correct revolutionary path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing state power by armed force. In the long-term revolutionary wars, Comrade Mao Zedong wrote important military works such as *Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War*, *Problems of Strategy in Guerrilla War Against Japan*, and *On Protracted War*. These are model works of Comrade Mao Zedong’s application of dialectics to the military field, and are also extremely brilliant philosophical works. The dialectical thought discussed in these works is particularly dazzling.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，为夺取我国新民主主义革命的胜利提供了科学指引。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东同志灵活运用马克思主义立场观点方法，准确揭示了中国革命的特点和规律，成功开辟了一条农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的正确革命道路。在长期革命战争中，毛泽东同志写下了《中国革命战争的战略问题》、《抗日游击战争的战略问题》、《论持久战》等重要军事著作，这是毛泽东同志将辩证法运用于军事领域的典范之作，同时也是极为精彩的哲学著作，这些著作中论述的辩证法思想尤其光彩夺目。

On July 7, 1937, after the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the nationwide War of Resistance Against Japan began. In response to the widespread erroneous views of “national subjugation” and “quick victory” at the time, from late May to early June 1938, Comrade Mao Zedong delivered a long speech on *On Protracted War* in Yan’an. He comprehensively examined the background and process of the war, deeply analyzed the contradictory factors between China and Japan and their development and changes, not only convincingly proving that “the War of Resistance Against Japan is a protracted war, and the final victory belongs to China,” but also scientifically predicting the three stages the protracted war must pass through and proposing specific strategic guidelines for each stage. *On Protracted War* is filled with dialectics and embodies materialism. Upon its publication, it “shook the liberated areas and also shook the Kuomintang-controlled areas,” becoming the overall strategic guiding ideology for the Chinese people’s War of Resistance Against Japan.

1937年7月7日，卢沟桥事变爆发后，全国的全面抗战开始。针对当时广泛流行的“亡国论”、“速胜论”等错误观点，1938年5月底至6月初，毛泽东同志在延安作了《论持久战》的长篇讲演，全面地考察了战争背景和战争进程，深入分析了中日双方的矛盾因素及其发展变化，不仅雄辩证明了“抗日战争是持久战，最后胜利是中国的”，而且科学预见了持久战必须经过的三个阶段，并提出了每个阶段的具体战略方针。《论持久战》处处充满了辩证法，体现了唯物论，一经发表便“震动了解放区，也震动了国民党统治区”，成为中国人民抗日战争的总的战略指导思想。

Mao Zedong’s military thought shines with the brilliance of military dialectics. Comrade Mao Zedong’s military dialectics provided extremely incisive dialectical analysis and exposition of all aspects of contradictions involved in military struggle, such as military affairs and politics, war and peace, offense and defense, superiority and inferiority, initiative and passivity, the whole and the part, interior lines and exterior lines, protracted war and quick-decision war, positional warfare and mobile warfare. Mao Zedong’s military thought successfully guided China’s revolutionary wars, and Comrade Mao Zedong’s military dialectics played an important role in this.

毛泽东军事思想闪耀着军事辩证法的光辉。毛泽东同志的军事辩证法，对军事斗争中所涉及的方方面面的矛盾，比如军事与政治、战争与和平、进攻与防御、优势与劣势、主动与被动、全局与局部、内线与外线、持久战与速决战、阵地战与运动战等，都作出了十分精辟的辩证分析和阐述。毛泽东军事思想成功指导了中国革命战争，其中毛泽东同志的军事辩证法发挥了重要作用。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought provided scientific guidance for achieving great successes in China’s socialist revolution and socialist construction. On the eve of the victory of the Chinese revolution, Comrade Mao Zedong clearly foresaw the difficulty and complexity of building a new China, but at the same time, he confidently pointed out that the subject of national construction was unfamiliar to us, but it could be learned. After the founding of New China, Comrade Mao Zedong applied materialist dialectics to new practice, led the entire Party and the entire people to earnestly study and explore “the subject of national construction,” and wrote a series of new works.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，为取得我国社会主义革命和社会主义建设巨大成就提供了科学指引。中国革命胜利前夕，毛泽东同志就清醒预见到建设新中国的艰巨性、复杂性，但他同时满怀信心地指出，国家建设这个课题对我们来说是生疏的，但是可以学会的。新中国成立后，毛泽东同志将唯物辩证法运用于新的实践，带领全党全国人民认真学习和探索“国家建设这个课题”，写出了一系列新的著作。

In April 1956, Comrade Mao Zedong delivered the famous speech *On the Ten Major Relationships*, emphasizing that “these ten relationships are all contradictions” and “our task is to correctly handle these contradictions.” Comrade Mao Zedong conducted in-depth and concrete dialectical analysis of each of these ten pairs of contradictions one by one. For example, regarding how to handle the “relationship between economic construction and national defense construction,” he pointed out, “National defense cannot be dispensed with,” but to strengthen national defense capabilities, one should “reduce military and administrative expenditures to an appropriate proportion and increase expenditures for economic construction.” He also very vividly and humorously borrowed common sayings from the common people to metaphorize the “relationship between the state, production units, and individual producers,” pointing out, “You want the hen to lay more eggs but do not feed it grain; you want the horse to run fast but do not let it eat grass. Is there such a principle in the world?” For another example, regarding how to handle the “relationship between China and foreign countries,” he pointed out, “We must learn the strong points of all nations and all countries,” “but we must learn with analysis and criticism, not blindly, and not copy everything mechanically.” *On the Ten Major Relationships* used dialectical thinking to make a preliminary summary of China’s socialist revolution and construction experience, put forward the basic policy of mobilizing all positive factors to serve the socialist cause, and conducted a preliminary exploration of the path of socialist construction suitable for China’s conditions.

1956年4月，毛泽东同志发表著名的《论十大关系》讲话，强调“这十种关系，都是矛盾”，“我们的任务，是要正确处理这些矛盾”。毛泽东同志对这十对矛盾逐一进行了深入具体的辩证分析。比如，对“经济建设和国防建设的关系”如何处理，他指出，“国防不可不有”，但想要增强国防力量，就应“把军政费用降到一个适当的比例，增加经济建设费用”。他还非常形象幽默地借用老百姓常说的俚语来比喻“国家、生产单位和生产者个人的关系”，指出“你要母鸡多生蛋，又不给它米吃，又要马儿跑得好，又要马儿不吃草。世界上哪有这样的道理”。又比如，对“中国和外国的关系”如何处理，他指出，“一切民族、一切国家的长处都要学”，“但是，必须有分析有批判地学，不能盲目地学，不能一切照抄，机械搬用”。《论十大关系》以辩证思维对中国社会主义革命和建设经验作了初步总结，提出了调动一切积极因素为社会主义事业服务的基本方针，对适合中国情况的社会主义建设道路进行了初步的探索。

During this period, important works written by Comrade Mao Zedong, such as *On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People*, are also model works of applying dialectics to guide national construction. They represent the original theoretical achievements made by our Party in the process of leading socialist revolution and construction. These achievements provided valuable experience and theoretical preparation for the Party to initiate socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period.

在这个时期，毛泽东同志撰写的《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》等重要著作，也都是运用辩证法指导国家建设的典范之作，代表了我们党在领导社会主义革命和建设过程中取得的独创性理论成果，这些成果为党在新的历史时期开创中国特色社会主义提供了宝贵经验和理论准备。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought provided scientific guidance for our Party’s advancement of the “great project” of Party building. Under China’s specific national conditions, “building a Bolshevik-style Communist Party that is national in scope, broadly popular in character, and fully consolidated ideologically, politically, and organizationally” was an extremely arduous task. Comrade Mao called it a “great project” and, with his philosophically rich thought on Party building, led the whole Party to successfully advance and implement this “great project.”

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，为我们党推进党的建设“伟大的工程”提供了科学指引。在中国的特殊国情下，“建设一个全国范围的、广大群众性的、思想上政治上组织上完全巩固的布尔什维克化的中国共产党”，是极其艰巨的任务。毛泽东同志称之为一项“伟大的工程”，并以其充满哲学智慧的党建思想，领导全党成功推进和实施了这一“伟大的工程”。

In October 1939, Comrade Mao Zedong wrote and published “Introducing *The Communist*.” [4]4 Mao Zedong, “Speech at the Enlarged Central Work Conference,” January 30, 1962. Starting from the new historical conditions and circumstances in which our Party had “become a nationwide major party,” he seized on the principal contradiction of what kind of Party to build, how to build it, and how to correctly lead the Chinese revolution, and clearly stated: “The united front, armed struggle, and Party building are the three magic weapons, the three principal magic weapons, with which the Chinese Communist Party has defeated the enemy in the Chinese revolution.” He elucidated the dialectical relationship of mutual dependence, mutual restraint, and mutual promotion among these three magic weapons: “The united front and armed struggle are the two basic weapons for defeating the enemy. The united front is a united front for carrying out armed struggle. And the Party organization is the valiant warrior who wields these two weapons—the united front and armed struggle—to charge at the enemy.” Comrade Mao especially emphasized: “To correctly understand these three issues and their interrelations is equivalent to correctly leading the whole of the Chinese revolution.”

1939年10月，毛泽东同志撰写发表了《〈共产党人〉发刊词》。他从我们党已经“变成了全国性的大党”的新的历史条件和形势出发，抓住建设一个什么样的党、怎样建设党并正确领导中国革命这一主要矛盾，明确指出：“统一战线，武装斗争，党的建设，是中国共产党在中国革命中战胜敌人的三个法宝，三个主要的法宝。”阐明这三大法宝之间相互依存、相互制约、相互促进的辩证关系：“统一战线和武装斗争，是战胜敌人的两个基本武器。统一战线，是实行武装斗争的统一战线。而党的组织，则是掌握统一战线和武装斗争这两个武器以实行对敌冲锋陷阵的英勇战士。”毛泽东同志特别强调：“正确地理解了这三个问题及其相互关系，就等于正确地领导了全部中国革命。”

Regarding the implementation of democratic centralism, Comrade Mao Zedong had correct understanding and analysis. Proceeding from the principle of the identity and struggle of opposites, he profoundly elucidated the dialectical relationship between democracy and centralism. “Democracy is the opposite of centralism, and freedom is the opposite of discipline. These are two contradictory aspects of a single entity; they are both contradictory and unified”; “the unity of democracy and centralism, and the unity of freedom and discipline, constitute our democratic centralism.”

对民主集中制的贯彻执行，毛泽东同志有正确的认识和分析。他从矛盾的同一性和斗争性原理出发，深刻阐明了民主和集中的辩证关系。“民主是对集中而言，自由是对纪律而言。这些都是一个统一体的两个矛盾着的侧面，它们是矛盾的，又是统一的”；“民主和集中的统一，自由和纪律的统一，就是我们的民主集中制”。

Regarding the handling of the relationship between Party spirit and individuality, Comrade Mao Zedong also had correct understanding and analysis. He held that “Party spirit is universality, while individuality is particularity. There is no universality that is not built on the basis of particularity,” and emphasized that “Party spirit is the common nature, the universal nature, the nature that every Party member possesses.” He also put forward to the whole Party the requirement of achieving “higher unity, higher solidarity.”

对党性和个性的关系处理，毛泽东同志也有正确的认识和分析。他认为“党性就是普遍性，个性就是特殊性。没有一种普遍性不是建筑在特殊性的基础上的”，强调“党性是共同的性质、普遍的性质，全党每一个人都有的性质”，并向全党提出了实现“更高的统一，更高的团结”的要求。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s thought on Party building is a model of applying dialectics to Party building, pointing the correct direction for creatively solving a series of major issues in building a Marxist political party under China’s specific social and historical conditions.

毛泽东同志的党建思想，是将辩证法运用到党的建设中的典范之作，为创造性地解决在中国特殊的社会历史条件下建设马克思主义政党的一系列重大问题指明了正确方向。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought provided scientific guidance for our Party in formulating major strategies and tactics. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that “policy and tactics are the life of the Party” and that “without an overall strategic and tactical viewpoint and policy viewpoint, the Chinese revolution can never be victorious.” Comrade Mao was adept at grasping the dialectical relationship between strategy and tactics, combining the firmness of strategy with the flexibility of tactics, and putting forward a series of important strategic thoughts and tactical principles in governing the Party, the state, and the military.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，为我们党制定重大的战略策略提供了科学指引。毛泽东同志指出，“政策和策略是党的生命”，“没有全般的策略观点与政策观点，中国革命是永远不能胜利的”。毛泽东同志善于把握战略和策略的辩证关系，把战略的坚定性和策略的灵活性结合起来，在治党治国治军中提出一系列重要的战略思想和策略原则。

After the founding of New China, Western countries led by the United States pursued a policy of containment and isolation toward our country. Facing the grim international situation in which “the United States always wants to bully us whenever it gets the chance,” Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out the need to “despise it strategically and take it seriously tactically.” Starting from this, our Party not only always maintained strategic resolve in the struggle against the United States but was also adept at promptly and accurately grasping the development and changes in the struggle situation, flexibly adjusting struggle tactics, and firmly seizing the strategic initiative in the struggle against the United States. Comrade Mao further demonstrated and enriched the scientific connotation of the famous thesis that “imperialism and all reactionaries are paper tigers” from a philosophical perspective, emphasizing that “like everything else in the world, imperialism and all reactionaries have a dual nature—they are both real tigers and paper tigers”; “the transformation of imperialism from a real tiger into a half-real, half-paper tiger, and then into a completely false tiger, i.e., a paper tiger, is a process in which things turn into their opposites, and our task is to promote this process.”

新中国成立后，以美国为首的西方国家对我国实行遏制和孤立政策。面对“美国只要有机会，总是要整我们”的严峻国际形势，毛泽东同志指出，要在“战略上藐视它，战术上重视它”。由此出发，我们党不仅始终保持了对美斗争的战略定力，而且善于及时准确把握斗争形势的发展变化，灵活调整斗争策略，牢牢掌握了对美斗争的战略主动。毛泽东同志进一步从哲学上论证和丰富了“帝国主义和一切反动派都是纸老虎”的著名论断的科学内涵，强调“同世界上一切事物无不具有两重性（即对立统一规律）一样，帝国主义和一切反动派也有两重性，它们是真老虎又是纸老虎”；“帝国主义由真老虎变成半真半假的老虎，再变成完全的假老虎，即纸老虎，这是一个事物走向反面的转化过程，我们的任务就是要促进这个过程”。

Furthermore, a series of struggle tactics and working methods he proposed, such as “walking on two legs,” “utilizing contradictions, winning over the majority, opposing the minority, and crushing them one by one,” “being good at fighting and also good at compromising,” mastering the “theory of two points,” and learning to “play the piano,” all stemmed from the close integration of the basic principles of dialectical materialism with the concrete practice of struggle, and were of great guiding significance for revolution and construction.

此外，他提出的“两条腿走路”、“利用矛盾，争取多数，反对少数，各个击破”、“要善于斗争，又善于妥协”、掌握“两点论”、学会“弹钢琴”等一系列斗争策略和工作方法，都来自唯物辩证法基本原理和具体斗争实践的紧密结合，对革命和建设具有重要的指导意义。

II. Comrade Mao Zedong’s Dialectical Thought Occupies an Important Historical Position and Significance in the History of Chinese Communist Thought

二、毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，在中国共产党思想史上具有重要历史地位和意义

In the magnificent course of the Chinese revolution and construction, Comrade Mao Zedong’s innovation, development, and application of dialectics reached a consummate level and height, making him worthy of being called a master of dialectics. Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought mainly originated from three sources: the basic principles of Marxism, the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and the concrete reality of China. Studying Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought leads to the conclusion that Comrade Mao Zedong is a brilliant model of integrating the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture.

在中国革命和建设的壮阔历程中，毛泽东同志对辩证法的创新、发展、运用达到了炉火纯青的境界和高度，堪称辩证法大师。毛泽东同志的辩证法思想主要来源于三个方面，即马克思主义基本原理、中华优秀传统文化和中国现实的具体实际。学习毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，完全可以得出这样的结论：毛泽东同志是把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合的光辉典范。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought creatively applied and developed Marxist dialectics. Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought did not emerge from nothing; it developed through inheritance and innovated through development. Marx said, “Hegel’s dialectics is the basic form of all dialectics, but only after it is stripped of its mystical form.” Marx absorbed the rational kernel of Hegel’s dialectics and developed it into materialist dialectics. Therefore, Comrade Mao Zedong said that Hegel “is the teacher of Marx and Engels, the teacher of Lenin, and also our teacher,” “but his dialectics is idealist dialectics. It was not until the great activists of the proletarian movement, Marx and Engels, synthesized the positive achievements of the history of human knowledge, especially critically absorbing the rational part of Hegel’s dialectics, and created the great theory of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, that an unprecedented great revolution took place in the history of human knowledge. Later, through Lenin and Stalin, this great theory was further developed. Once this theory was transmitted to China, it caused tremendous changes in Chinese intellectual circles.” On the basis of inheriting the intellectual achievements of these “teachers” from Hegel to Marx, Engels, and Lenin, Comrade Mao Zedong further enriched and developed dialectics.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，对马克思主义辩证法进行了创造性运用和发展。毛泽东同志的辩证法思想不是凭空而来的，而是在继承中发展、在发展中创新的。马克思说过，“黑格尔的辩证法是一切辩证法的基本形式，但是，只有在剥去它的神秘的形式之后才是这样”。马克思吸收了黑格尔辩证法的合理内核，发展为唯物辩证法。所以，毛泽东同志说，黑格尔“是马克思、恩格斯的先生，也是列宁的先生，也是我们的先生”，“但是他的辩证法却是唯心的辩证法。直到无产阶级运动的伟大的活动家马克思和恩格斯综合了人类认识史的积极的成果，特别是批判地吸取了黑格尔的辩证法的合理的部分，创造了辩证唯物论和历史唯物论这个伟大的理论，才在人类认识史上起了一个空前的大革命。后来，经过列宁和斯大林，又发展了这个伟大的理论。这个理论一经传到中国来，就在中国思想界引起了极大的变化”。在继承从黑格尔到马克思、恩格斯、列宁等这些“先生”们思想成果的基础上，毛泽东同志又进一步丰富和发展了辩证法。

On the one hand, Comrade Mao Zedong creatively developed the idea that the law of the unity of opposites is the essence and core of dialectics. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “The law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the fundamental law of nature and society, and therefore also the fundamental law of thought.”

一方面，毛泽东同志创造性发展了对立统一规律是辩证法实质和核心的思想。毛泽东同志指出：“事物矛盾的法则，即对立统一的法则，是自然和社会的根本法则，因而也是思维的根本法则。”

On the other hand, Comrade Mao Zedong creatively developed the principle of the universality and particularity of contradiction, putting forward the thesis that the relationship between individuality and commonality is the essence of the problem of contradiction. Comrade Mao Zedong deeply felt that the dogmatists within the Party “did not understand the vital importance of studying the particularity of the contradiction of concrete things in the present for guiding the development of our revolutionary practice,” and therefore he exerted great effort in researching and expounding on the particularity of contradiction. The formulation of this principle laid an important methodological foundation for our Party to put forward the major proposition of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

另一方面，毛泽东同志创造性发展了矛盾的普遍性和特殊性原理，提出个性与共性关系是矛盾问题精髓的论断。毛泽东同志深感党内教条主义者“不了解研究当前具体事物的矛盾的特殊性，对于我们指导革命实践的发展有何等重要的意义”，因而在对矛盾特殊性的研究和论述上用力极深。这个原理的提出就为我们党提出马克思主义中国化的重大命题，奠定了重要的方法论基础。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thought enriches and develops Marxist dialectics, injecting the fresh practical experience of the Chinese revolution and construction into Marxist philosophy, and further fully demonstrating its scientific nature and truth.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，是对马克思主义辩证法的丰富和发展，为马克思主义哲学注入了中国革命和建设的新鲜实践经验，使其科学性和真理性进一步得到充分彰显。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking carried out a creative transformation and innovative development of the dialectical thinking found in fine traditional Chinese culture. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: “We are Marxist historicists; we must not cut off history. From Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, we should sum it up and inherit this precious legacy.” [1]1 Mao Zedong, “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War,” *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 2. He particularly emphasized that to “make the trend of dialectical materialism deeply penetrate and develop in China,” it was necessary to “settle accounts with the philosophical legacy of ancient China.” [2]2 Mao Zedong, “Dialectical Materialism (Lecture Outlines),” *Mao Zedong’s Collected Works*, Vol. 8. How to “inherit” and how to “settle accounts” — Comrade Mao Zedong also provided the correct answer. “Critically sum it up using Marxist methods,” so as to “make Marxism concrete in China, so that in every one of its manifestations it acquires the necessary Chinese characteristics,” in a “fresh, lively Chinese style and Chinese manner that the common people of China love to see and hear.” [3]3 Mao Zedong, “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War,” *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 2. This high degree of self-awareness in critically inheriting traditional culture is very clearly and prominently expressed in Comrade Mao Zedong’s philosophical writings.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，对中华优秀传统文化的辩证思想进行了创造性转化和创新性发展。毛泽东同志指出：“我们是马克思主义的历史主义者，我们不应当割断历史。从孔夫子到孙中山，我们应当给以总结，承继这一份珍贵的遗产。”他特别强调，“要使辩证法唯物论思潮在中国深入与发展下去”，就必须“清算中国古代的哲学遗产”。如何“承继”，如何“清算”，毛泽东同志也给出了正确的答案。“用马克思主义的方法给以批判的总结”，以“新鲜活泼的、为中国老百姓所喜闻乐见的中国作风和中国气派”，“使马克思主义在中国具体化，使之在其每一表现中带着必须有的中国的特性”。这种对传统文化批判性继承的高度自觉，在毛泽东同志的哲学著作中表现得非常鲜明和突出。

For example, when Comrade Mao Zedong wrote *On Practice*, he specifically added a subtitle: “On the Relation between Knowledge and Practice — the Relation between Knowing and Doing.” The latter half, “the relation between knowing and doing,” is precisely a very long-standing important category in traditional Chinese philosophy. *On Practice*, with its “dialectical-materialist theory of the unity of knowing and doing,” scientifically elucidated the dialectical relationship between knowledge and practice, representing a creative transformation and innovative development of the traditional Chinese theory of knowing and doing. The same applies to Comrade Mao Zedong’s use of the concept of contradiction. The term “contradiction” was originally a concept in our traditional culture expressing the relationship of unity of opposites. Comrade Mao Zedong, with unique ingenuity, used it to name the philosophical work *On Contradiction*. This not only endowed the law of the unity of opposites with a nationalized Chinese form but also contained an active exploration of summarizing and transforming traditional culture.

譬如，毛泽东同志在撰写《实践论》时，还专门设了一个副标题：“论认识和实践的关系——知和行的关系”。而后半句“知和行的关系”正是中国传统哲学中一个历史非常悠久的重要范畴。《实践论》以“辩证唯物论的知行统一观”，科学阐明了认识和实践的辩证关系，是对中国传统的知行学说的创造性转化和创新性发展。毛泽东同志对矛盾概念的使用也是如此。“矛盾”一词原本是我国传统文化中表示对立统一关系的一个概念。毛泽东同志独具匠心地用以命名《矛盾论》这部哲学著作，这不仅赋予对立统一规律以中国化的民族形式，同时也包含了总结和改造传统文化的积极探索。

In Comrade Mao Zedong’s writings, such examples are too numerous to list individually. He either directly borrowed propositions from ancient dialectics, such as using “listen to both sides and you will be enlightened, heed only one side and you will be benighted” to refute metaphysical one-sidedness; or endowed old propositions with new connotations, such as using “seeking truth from facts” to summarize the essential connotation of the Party’s ideological line, and using “things opposed to each other also complement each other” to explain the struggle and identity of opposites; or used historical allusions, mythological stories, and folk tales to illustrate the general principles of dialectics, such as using the story from the classical novel *Water Margin* where Lin Chong kicks over Coach Hong to illustrate the principle of retreating in order to advance; and so on.

在毛泽东同志的著作中，这样的事例不胜枚举。他或者直接借用古代辩证法的命题，如用“兼听则明，偏信则暗”来批驳形而上学的片面性；或者赋予旧的命题以新的内涵，如用“实事求是”来概括党的思想路线的本质内涵，用“相反相成”来解释矛盾的斗争性和同一性；或者用历史典故、神话故事、民间传说来说明辩证法的一般原理，如用古典小说《水浒传》中林冲一脚踢翻洪教头的故事，来说明以退为进的道理；等等。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking possesses a profound foundation in fine traditional Chinese culture and has distinct Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，具有深厚的中华优秀传统文化底蕴，有着鲜明的中国特色、中国风格、中国气派。

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking highly generalized and summarized the practical experience of the Chinese revolution and construction. Comrade Mao Zedong, when reviewing the “fourteen years of twists and turns” experienced by the Communist Party of China since its founding, pointed out, “The reason we stumbled in the past was primarily an ideological problem, a problem of not recognizing or being aware.” [4]4 Mao Zedong, “Speech at the Enlarged Central Work Conference,” January 30, 1962. Therefore, he placed special emphasis on using Marxism as a “tool” to dialectically analyze China’s specific realities and to scientifically summarize the experiences and lessons of the revolution. Comrade Mao Zedong once said meaningfully, “I rely on summing up experience to eat.” [5]5 A remark Mao Zedong made in 1965 when meeting with Peng Dehuai, as recorded in *Mao Zedong’s Collected Works*, Vol. 8. In summing up experiences and lessons, he gained insights and obtained mirrors to promote the awakening of the entire Party and the entire people of the nation.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，对中国革命和建设的实践经验进行了高度概括和总结。毛泽东同志曾在回顾中国共产党成立后所经历的“十四年的曲折”时指出，“过去栽筋斗主要是个思想问题，是不认识、不觉悟的问题”。所以他特别重视以马克思主义为“工具”，对中国的具体实际进行辩证分析，对革命的经验教训作出科学总结。毛泽东同志曾意味深长地说，我是靠总结经验吃饭的。他在总结经验教训中，获得启示，得到镜鉴，以促进全党全国人民的觉悟。

From December 1959 to February 1960, when Comrade Mao Zedong was reading the Soviet *Political Economy Textbook*, he pointed out, “This book speaks the language of a scholar, not the language of a revolutionary,” and “theory and practice are not integrated. At the same time, the authors lack dialectics.” He emphasized: “It is impossible for a writer without a philosopher’s mind to produce good economics. Marx was able to write *Capital*, and Lenin was able to write *Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism*, because they were also philosophers, had a philosopher’s mind, and possessed the weapon of dialectics.” [6]6 Mao Zedong, “Comments on the Soviet *Political Economy Textbook*,” *Mao Zedong’s Collected Works*, Vol. 8. Comrade Mao Zedong’s writings are precisely outstanding intellectual achievements obtained by using the “philosopher’s mind” and “the weapon of dialectics” to study and explore the objective laws of development of the Chinese revolution and construction.

1959年12月至1960年2月，毛泽东同志在读苏联《政治经济学教科书》时指出，“这本书说的是书生的话，不是革命家的话”，“理论和实践没有结合起来。同时作者们没有辩证法”。他强调：“没有哲学家头脑的作家，要写出好的经济学来是不可能的。马克思能够写出《资本论》，列宁能够写出《帝国主义论》，因为他们同时是哲学家，有哲学家的头脑，有辩证法这个武器。”毛泽东同志的著作，正是以“哲学家的头脑”、“辩证法这个武器”研究探索中国革命和建设的客观发展规律取得的优秀思想成果。

In January 1962, Comrade Mao Zedong said at the Seven Thousand Cadres Conference: “During the period of the democratic revolution, after victories, defeats, victories again, and defeats again, and after comparing the two, we came to know China’s objective world. On the eve of and during the War of Resistance Against Japan, I wrote some essays, such as *Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War*, *On Protracted War*, *On New Democracy*, and the *Introductory Remarks to ‘The Communist’*, and drafted for the Central Committee some documents on policies and strategies. All of these were summaries of revolutionary experience. Those essays and documents could only be produced at that time; they could not have been produced earlier, because we had not yet gone through great storms, had not yet had the comparison between two victories and two defeats, and did not yet have sufficient experience to fully understand the laws of the Chinese revolution.” [7]7 Mao Zedong, “Speech at the Enlarged Central Work Conference,” January 30, 1962. The Seven Thousand Cadres Conference was an enlarged Central Work Conference of the CPC held in Beijing from January 11 to February 7, 1962, attended by over 7,000 cadres at and above the county level.

1962年1月，毛泽东同志在七千人大会上说：“在民主革命时期，经过胜利、失败，再胜利、再失败，两次比较，我们才认识了中国这个客观世界。在抗日战争前夜和抗日战争时期，我写了一些论文，例如《中国革命战争的战略问题》、《论持久战》、《新民主主义论》、《〈共产党人〉发刊词》，替中央起草过一些关于政策、策略的文件，都是革命经验的总结。那些论文和文件，只有在那个时候才能产生，在以前不可能，因为没有经过大风大浪，没有两次胜利和两次失败的比较，还没有充分的经验，还不能充分认识中国革命的规律。”

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking is a dialectics of practice, a crystallization of thought that integrates knowledge and practice, links theory with reality, and unifies the transformation of the subjective world with the transformation of the objective world.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，是实践的辩证法，是认识与实践相结合、理论与实际相联系、改造主观世界与改造客观世界相统一的思想结晶。

In summary, the formation and development of Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking was not closed, isolated, or static. Rather, in the process of mutual connection, mutual influence, mutual interaction, and mutual promotion among three aspects — Marxism, fine traditional Chinese culture, and the reality of the Chinese revolution and construction — it fused into an organic whole. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, “Marxism must be integrated with the specific characteristics of our country and realized through a certain national form.” [8]8 Mao Zedong, “The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War,” *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 2. The result of this integration not only laid the philosophical foundation for the cause of the Chinese revolution and construction and provided the Chinese Communists with a powerful ideological weapon, but also greatly enriched and developed Marxist dialectics. It not only promoted the creative transformation and innovative development of the dialectical thinking of fine traditional Chinese culture, endowing it with a brand-new scientific form and contemporary value, but also endowed Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking with distinct national characteristics and features of the times. This was particularly important for the dissemination and popularization of materialist dialectics in China.

综上所述，毛泽东同志的辩证法思想的形成与发展，并不是封闭的、孤立的、静止的，而是在马克思主义、中华优秀传统文化、中国革命和建设实际，三个方面相互联系、相互影响、相互作用、相互促进的过程中，融合为一个有机整体。正如毛泽东同志所指出的那样，“马克思主义必须和我国的具体特点相结合并通过一定的民族形式才能实现”。这种结合的结果，不仅为中国革命和建设事业奠定了哲学基础，为中国共产党人提供了强大思想武器，同时也极大地丰富和发展了马克思主义辩证法；不仅推动了中华优秀传统文化的辩证思想创造性转化和创新性发展，为其赋予崭新的科学形态和时代价值，同时也赋予毛泽东同志的辩证法思想以鲜明的民族特色、时代特征，这对于唯物辩证法思想在中国的传播和普及尤为重要。

III. Study Comrade Mao Zedong’s Dialectical Thinking, Continuously Open Up New Horizons in Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context and the Needs of the Times

三、学习毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界

Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking is a precious spiritual legacy he left to us. We must pass it down from generation to generation and creatively apply and develop it in light of new realities.

毛泽东同志的辩证法思想，是毛泽东同志留给我们的宝贵精神财富，我们要世世代代传承下去，并结合新的实际创造性运用和发展。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the symposium commemorating the 130th anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s birth: “Unswervingly upholding and developing Marxism in step with the times, vigorously promoting theoretical innovation on the basis of practice, and consciously using Marxism that has been adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times to guide new practice — this is the path to success for our Party in grasping historical initiative, keeping pace with the times, and continuously creating new prospects for the development of our cause.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium Commemorating the 130th Anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s Birth,” December 26, 2023. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has united and led the entire Party and people of all ethnic groups across the country, set the direction, made overall plans, tackled difficulties, consolidated foundations, and opened up new horizons in governance and a new situation in the development of the Party and the nation’s undertakings. In this great practice, General Secretary Xi Jinping, with the historical initiative of a Marxist politician, thinker, and strategist, extraordinary theoretical courage, outstanding political wisdom, and a strong sense of mission and responsibility, has played a decisive role in and made decisive contributions to the establishment and development of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, achieving a new leap in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The Party’s innovative theory contains the inheritance and development of Comrade Mao Zedong’s dialectical thinking.

习近平总书记在纪念毛泽东同志诞辰130周年座谈会上指出：“毫不动摇坚持、与时俱进发展马克思主义，大力推进实践基础上的理论创新，自觉用中国化时代化的马克思主义指导新的实践，是我们党把握历史主动、紧跟时代步伐、不断开创事业发展新局面的成功之道。”党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央团结带领全党全国各族人民，举旗定向、谋篇布局，攻坚克难、强基固本，开辟了治国理政新境界，开创了党和国家事业发展新局面。在这个伟大实践中，习近平总书记以马克思主义政治家、思想家、战略家的历史主动精神、非凡理论勇气、卓越政治智慧、强烈使命担当，为习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的创立和发展发挥了决定性作用、作出了决定性贡献，实现了马克思主义中国化时代化新的飞跃。党的创新理论中包含了对毛泽东同志的辩证法思想的继承和发展。

Strive to make Marxist philosophy one’s fundamental skill. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to studying and applying philosophy, emphasizing that “dialectical materialism is the world outlook and methodology of Chinese Communists”; “for our Party to unite and lead the people in achieving the ‘two centenary goals’ [10]10 The “two centenary goals” are: first, to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (2021); second, to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (2049). and realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it must constantly draw nourishment from the wisdom of Marxist philosophy and more consciously adhere to and apply the dialectical materialist world outlook and methodology”; and “enhance dialectical thinking and strategic thinking capabilities to do all work better.” The General Secretary points out that “the entire Party must strengthen the study and application of Marxist philosophy,” “read some basic works of Marxist philosophy,” and “strive to make Marxist philosophy one’s fundamental skill.” To master this fundamental skill, one must study materialist dialectics well, especially learning to master the principle that the world is unified in matter and that matter determines consciousness, adhering to formulating policies and advancing work from objective reality; learning to master the basic principle of the contradictory movement of things, continuously strengthening problem awareness, and actively facing and resolving contradictions encountered in progress; learning to master the fundamental method of materialist dialectics, continuously enhancing dialectical thinking ability, and improving the ability to handle complex situations and solve complex problems; and learning to master the principle of the dialectical relationship between cognition and practice, adhering to the viewpoint that practice comes first, and continuously advancing theoretical innovation on the basis of practice.

努力把马克思主义哲学作为自己的看家本领。习近平总书记高度重视学哲学、用哲学，强调“辩证唯物主义是中国共产党人的世界观和方法论”；“我们党要团结带领人民实现‘两个一百年’奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，必须不断接受马克思主义哲学智慧的滋养，更加自觉地坚持和运用辩证唯物主义世界观和方法论”；“增强辩证思维、战略思维能力，把各项工作做得更好”。总书记指出，“全党都要加强对马克思主义哲学的学习和运用”，“读一些马克思主义哲学基本著作”，“努力把马克思主义哲学作为自己的看家本领”。要掌握好这门看家本领，就必须学习好唯物辩证法，特别是要学习掌握世界统一于物质、物质决定意识的原理，坚持从客观实际出发制定政策、推动工作；学习掌握事物矛盾运动的基本原理，不断强化问题意识，积极面对和化解前进中遇到的矛盾；学习掌握唯物辩证法的根本方法，不断增强辩证思维能力，提高驾驭复杂局面、处理复杂问题的本领；学习掌握认识和实践辩证关系的原理，坚持实践第一的观点，不断推进实践基础上的理论创新。

Take the “Six Musts” [11]11 The “Six Musts” (六个必须坚持) are six principles summarized at the 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022) as the stand, viewpoint, and method of Xi Jinping Thought: must uphold the people-centered development philosophy, must uphold self-confidence and self-reliance, must uphold integrity and innovation, must uphold problem-oriented approach, must uphold systemic thinking, and must uphold a global vision. as the entire Party’s “common language.” Comrade Mao Zedong once vividly called Marxist philosophy the “common language” of Communists. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the “common language” of the entire Party; the living soul of Mao Zedong Thought — “seeking truth from facts, the mass line, and independence and self-reliance” — is the “common language” of the entire Party; the Party’s ideological line — “proceeding from reality in everything, integrating theory with practice, seeking truth from facts, and testing and developing truth through practice” — is the “common language” of the entire Party; the “Six Musts” summarized and generalized at the 20th National Congress of the CPC are an important manifestation of the stand, viewpoint, and method of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and are the new “common language” of the entire Party. These “common languages” possess both the character of materialism and the quality of dialectics; they are both inherited in one continuous line and advance with the times. Only by learning these “common languages” can one deeply grasp the scientific system, core essence, and practical requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, truly achieve deepening, internalization, and transformation, and use them to arm the mind, guide practice, and advance work.

将“六个必须坚持”作为全党“共同的语言”。毛泽东同志曾形象地将马克思主义哲学称为共产党人“共同的语言”。辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是全党“共同的语言”，毛泽东思想活的灵魂“实事求是、群众路线、独立自主”是全党“共同的语言”，党的思想路线“一切从实际出发，理论联系实际，实事求是，在实践中检验真理和发展真理”是全党“共同的语言”，党的二十大总结概括的“六个必须坚持”，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的立场观点方法的重要体现，是全党新的“共同的语言”。这些“共同的语言”既具有唯物论的品格，又具有辩证法的特质；既一脉相承，又与时俱进。学会了这些“共同的语言”，才能深刻把握习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的科学体系、核心要义、实践要求，真正做到深化内化转化，用以武装头脑、指导实践、推动工作。

Open up a new realm of dialectics through the “Two Integrations.” [12]12 The “Two Integrations” refer to the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of fine traditional Chinese culture. The “Second Integration” is the latter. The development of practice never ends, and theoretical innovation never ends either. The vitality, charm, and life force of Marxism lie in innovation. Comrade Mao Zedong said, “Relying solely on the ancestors won’t do,” and “any country’s Communist Party, any country’s ideological circles, must create new theories, write new works, and produce their own theorists to serve current politics.” On the basis of practice, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward the major proposition of the “Two Integrations,” which is a major theoretical innovation; “the ‘Second Integration’ is another ideological emancipation.” [13]13 This phrase was used by Xi Jinping in a speech at a symposium on cultural heritage in June 2023, emphasizing that integrating Marxism with traditional Chinese culture represents a new ideological emancipation. The “Second Integration” indicates that our Party’s historical confidence and cultural confidence have reached a new height. The “Two Integrations” are the fundamental path for advancing the Party’s theoretical innovation. Only by adhering to the “Two Integrations” can Marxism become Chinese, and can fine traditional Chinese culture become modern; only then can we learn, apply, and develop dialectics in the New Era, continuously open up new realms in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, thereby laying a more solid philosophical foundation and providing more powerful spiritual strength for comprehensively advancing the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation.

在“两个结合”中开辟辩证法的新境界。实践发展永无止境，理论创新也永无止境。马克思主义的活力、魅力、生命力在于创新。毛泽东同志说，“单靠老祖宗是不行的”，“任何国家的共产党，任何国家的思想界，都要创造新的理论，写出新的著作，产生自己的理论家，来为当前的政治服务”。习近平总书记在实践的基础上提出了“两个结合”的重大命题，这是一个重大理论创新，“‘第二个结合’是又一次的思想解放”。“第二个结合”，表明我们党的历史自信、文化自信达到了新高度。“两个结合”是推进党的理论创新的根本途径。只有坚持“两个结合”，才能使马克思主义成为中国的，使中华优秀传统文化成为现代的，才能在新时代学习辩证法、运用辩证法、发展辩证法，不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界，从而为全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业，奠定更为坚实的哲学基础，提供更为强大的精神力量。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗