Understanding New Quality Productive Forces as a Key Variable

On 31 January 2024, during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, President Xi Jinping stressed the need to accelerate the development of new quality productive forces and solidly advance high-quality development. Since then, the concept of new quality productive forces has attracted attention both within China and abroad. What are new quality productive forces? How should we understand new quality productive forces? This article attempts to explain this key variable from the perspective of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

2024年1月31日，习近平主席在中共中央政治局第十一次集体学习时强调加快发展新质生产力，扎实推进高质量发展。自此，新质生产力这一概念在中国国内和海外引起关注。什么是新质生产力？如何理解新质生产力？本文尝试从习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想出发解释这一关键变量。

New quality productive forces are the key to economic growth

新质生产力是经济增长关键

The fact that China produces everything from toys to electric vehicles no longer surprises the world, because China has maintained its position as the world’s largest exporter of goods for seven consecutive years. What most intrigues people is how the Communist Party of China, as China’s leader, succeeded in transforming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society into a modern economic power that values both knowledge and industry.

中国从生产玩具到电动汽车等各种产品的事实已不再令世界惊讶，因为中国已经连续7年保持全球第一大货物贸易出口国的地位。最令世人好奇的是，作为中国的领导者，中国共产党是如何成功地将一个半殖民地半封建社会转变为一个知识与工业并重的现代经济大国。

China’s development can be summed up by one principle: policy autonomy. Autonomy is the main thread linking the various macro-principles of healthy development. This is a process of decolonising development, including restoring the concept of sovereignty, the national language and safeguarding national security. The link between security and development has characterised China’s development trajectory over the past 70-plus years; this link has brought revolutionary change to political economy and given people a new understanding of the nature of policy-guiding institutions.

中国的发展可以用一个原则来概括：政策自主。自主是将健康发展的各项宏观原则连接起来的主线。这是一个使发展去殖民化的进程，包括恢复主权概念、民族语言和维护国家安全。安全与发展的联系刻画了过去70余年里中国的发展轨迹，这种联系给政治经济学带来了革命性的变化，并使人们对政策指导机构的性质有了新的认识。

Since 2013, after 30 years of almost uninterrupted high-speed growth, China has entered a new stage. Chinese economists Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin argue that, as economic growth has slowed, the Chinese economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. At the beginning of the 21st century, China’s technological production not only relied heavily on imported materials but was also mainly managed by foreign direct investment. Thereafter, the Chinese government placed greater emphasis on innovation policy. Twenty years later, the situation has changed significantly. In 1999, China’s (mainland) expenditure on research and experimental development was 67.89 billion yuan, accounting for 0.83% of gross domestic product (GDP); in 2022, China’s total expenditure on research and experimental development reached 3,078.29 billion yuan, accounting for 2.54% of GDP. In 2022, China’s full-time equivalent of R&D personnel exceeded 6 million person-years, ranking first in the world.

自2013年起，在经历了30年几乎不间断的高速增长之后，中国进入了新阶段。中国经济学者程恩富和丁晓钦认为，随着经济增长放缓，中国经济已经从高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。21世纪初，中国的技术生产不仅严重依赖进口材料，而且主要由外国直接投资管理。此后，中国政府更加重视创新政策。20年后，情况显著改变。1999年，中国（内地）研究与试验发展经费支出额为678.9亿元，占国内生产总值（GDP）的0.83%；2022年，中国共投入研究与试验发展经费30782.9亿元，占GDP的2.54%。2022年，中国研发人员全时当量超过600万人年，居世界首位。

New quality productive forces are characterised by high technology, high efficiency and high quality, with a substantial increase in total factor productivity as their core hallmark; they are therefore advanced productive forces. From the perspective of neoclassical economics, new quality productive forces are liberated from the traditional economic growth model that relies mainly on land, labour and resources; they are incorporated as an intrinsic component into the growth model—that is, they are endogenised—and become a key driving force for economic growth.

新质生产力具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志，因而是先进的生产力。从新古典主义经济学角度看，新质生产力从主要依赖土地、劳动力和资源的传统经济增长模式中解放出来，作为内在组成部分被纳入增长模型或者说被内生化，成为经济增长的关键驱动力。

However, without considering the social relations of production and the mechanism of resource allocation, the analysis of both traditional and new growth models remains divorced from reality. These models have been criticised in heterodox economics literature because they attempt to explain the mathematical relationship between inputs and outputs in the production function while obscuring the social forces that change society. The key here is the social forces that dominate development. Technology can be both endogenous and exogenous. The development of science relies on internal (R&D) and external (foreign investment) impetus, as well as on state incentives. What matters is who gains wealth from technological progress, and how the social forces dominating development ensure comprehensive development.

然而，如果不考虑生产的社会关系和资源分配机制，对传统增长模式和新增长模式的分析依然是脱离现实的。这些模式在非主流经济学文献中受到批评，因为它们试图解释生产函数的投入与产出之间的数学关系，却掩盖了改变社会的社会力量因素。这里的关键是主导发展的社会力量。技术既可以是内生的，也可以是外生的。科学的发展依靠内部（研发）和外部（外国投资）的推动，也依靠国家的激励措施。重要的是谁从技术进步中获得财富，以及主导发展的社会力量如何确保全面发展。

Today, China is a world leader in technological fields such as 5G communications, e-commerce, large-scale infrastructure construction, electric vehicles and high-speed rail. In areas such as nanotechnology, cloud storage, artificial intelligence and smart medical technology, China is also making progress. In 2023, China’s high-tech and green-tech “new three” products (electric vehicles, lithium batteries, solar cells) together exported 1.06 trillion yuan, becoming a new growth point for exports. For example, China produces 85% of the world’s solar cells. China’s telecommunications giant Huawei, overcoming US technological suppression of China, launched a smartphone equipped with a self-developed 5G chip.

今日，中国在5G通信、电子商务、大规模基础设施建设、电动汽车和高铁等技术领域处于世界领先地位。在纳米技术、云存储、人工智能和智能医疗技术等领域，中国也在进步。2023年，中国的高科技和绿色科技“新三样”产品（电动汽车、锂电池、太阳能电池）合计出口1.06万亿元，成为出口新增长点。例如，中国生产了全球85%的太阳能电池。中国通信巨头华为克服美国对华科技打压，推出了搭载自研5G芯片的智能手机。

China’s production model emphasises a people-centred approach

中国生产模式强调以人民为中心

According to Marxist political economy, science and technology play a crucial role in the development of productive forces. Productive forces determine relations of production, and together they constitute the social mode of production. In this process, productive forces presuppose human beings or society; human beings or society bring about more technology through the development of science. Over the past 70-plus years, China has fundamentally consolidated a solid material and technological foundation. The current task remains to reduce dependence on foreign technology and production inputs, accelerate the achievement of a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, so as to ensure that the mission of cultivating sustainable innovation-driven development always belongs to the state.

根据马克思主义政治经济学，科学技术在生产力发展中起着至关重要的作用。生产力决定生产关系，二者共同构成社会生产方式。在这个过程中，生产力以人或社会为前提，人或社会通过发展科学带来更多技术。过去70多年里，中国从根本上巩固了坚实的物质和科技基础。当前的任务依旧是减少对外国技术和生产投入的依赖，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，以确保培育可持续创新驱动发展的使命始终属于国家。

The pillars of China’s goods trade exports are shifting from the “old three” (clothing, home appliances, furniture) to the “new three”. It can be seen that promoting the development of new quality productive forces does not amount to a paradigm shift, but rather reflects the upgrading of productive forces. President Xi Jinping’s emphasis on the development of productive forces is a historical continuation of China’s earlier successful experience; the Communist Party of China has always insisted on liberating and developing productive forces. In the late 1970s, China’s industrial base was relatively weak. To raise productivity and technological levels, China had to liberate productive forces, and market reform was inevitable. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee in 1978, China began to implement the policy of reform and opening up. In 1980, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “When we speak of socialism, the first thing is to develop productive forces; this is primary. Only in this way can we demonstrate the superiority of socialism.” The Communist Party of China believes that market forces can serve socialism, and on the long road to socialism, they can advance modernisation.

中国货物贸易出口的支柱正在从“老三样”（服装、家电、家具）转向“新三样”。可见，促进新质生产力发展不等于范式转变，而是反映了生产力发展升级。习近平主席对生产力发展的强调是对中国早期成功经验的历史继承，中国共产党一直坚持解放生产力、发展生产力。20世纪70年代末，中国工业基础相对薄弱。为了提高生产力和技术水平，中国必须解放生产力，市场改革不可避免。1978年十一届三中全会后，中国开始实行改革开放政策。1980年，邓小平指出，“讲社会主义，首先就要使生产力发展，这是主要的。只有这样才能表明社会主义的优越性”。中国共产党相信市场力量可以服务于社会主义，在通向社会主义的漫长道路上，它能推进现代化。

Looking back, reform and opening up highlighted the resilience of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the link between security and development; past successes continue to this day. The power of revolutionary thought has guided the historical process of New China, especially the unity between the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people. Without this unity, the economy alone could not have built the social foundation on which the CPC has gained support.

回顾过去，改革开放凸显了中国特色社会主义的韧性以及安全与发展之间的联系，过往的成功延续至今。革命性思想的力量指引着新中国的历史进程，特别是中国共产党与中国人民的团结。没有这种团结，仅靠经济无法建立起中国共产党获得支持的社会基础。

Western mainstream media may claim that China is launching a “structural transformation” in order to turn towards capitalism. We need to understand that, whether in the past or in the future, China’s economic achievements and poverty reduction results will not be attributed to a free-market economy dominated by capital. Only under the control of the working people can the market bring well-being.

西方主流媒体可能会宣称中国正在启动“结构转型”以便转向资本主义。我们需要明白，无论是过去还是未来，中国的经济成就和减贫成效都不会归功于由资本主导的自由市场经济。只有在劳动者的掌控下，市场才能带来福祉。

After China opened up, it increased imports of modern technology, and foreign exchange was used to purchase capital-intensive industrial equipment needed to raise productivity. But China was not passive. By cooperating with technologically advanced foreign trading partners, China raised its own scientific and technological level. While developing its own technological base, China demanded the inclusion of more domestic elements in the production of manufactured goods, which produced spillover effects in the Chinese economy. Thus, China’s production gradually shifted from consumer industries (mainly managed by foreign capital) to high-value-added output (jointly managed by local public and private capital); domestic elements were an important factor in the increase of productivity.

中国对外开放后增加了现代技术的进口，外汇被用于购买提升生产力所需的资本密集型工业设备。但中国并不是被动的。中国通过与技术先进的外国贸易伙伴合作提高了自身的科技水平。在发展自身技术基础的同时，中国要求在制造业产品生产中加入更多本土要素，这在中国经济中产生了溢出效应。由此，中国的生产逐渐从消费行业（主要由外资管理）转向高附加值产出（由本地公私资本共同管理），本土要素是生产力提升的重要因素。

Another mistaken notion propagated by Western mainstream media is that the Communist Party of China commands from on high. For example, an article on new quality productive forces published by Bloomberg in the United States in March this year stated, “This slogan is a repackaging of China’s recent calls to move up the value chain.” This is a distortion of China’s political structure

西方主流媒体传播的另一个错误观念是中国共产党居高临下地指挥。例如，美国彭博社今年3月发布的一篇关于新质生产力的文章称，“这个口号是对中国近年来呼吁价值链向上移动的重新包装”。这是对中国政治结构的歪曲。仔细观察就会发现，中国基层的声音对中国共产党决策有着可观的影响力。如果不听取群众的诉求，自上而下的命令不可能成功。通过协商民主，群众的意见不断被倾听、研究，并通过群众以往的行动得到检验，然后成为政治制度的意见，最终转化为行动。

The main distinction between China's socialist production model and the Western capitalist production model lies in the ultimate goal of production. Under the capitalist model, the purpose of production is to create private surplus value or profit, benefiting a minority in society; under the socialist model, the purpose of production is to satisfy the material needs and aspirations of the people. In this regard, value production under the Chinese model supports the people-oriented, people-centered objective.

中国的社会主义生产模式与西方资本主义生产模式的主要区别在于生产的最终目标。资本主义模式下，生产的目的是创造私人剩余价值或利润，使社会中的少数人受益；社会主义模式下，生产的目的是满足人民的物质需要和愿望。在这方面，中国模式下的价值生产支撑着以民为本、以人民为中心的目标。

In other words, since China’s reform and opening up, productive forces have been under the control of the state, and the ultimate goal of production has been to improve the people’s livelihood. It is precisely through the state’s control of capital that the working class has taken hold of the means of production, which ensures that the social products generated serve the interests of all members of society. Facts speak louder than words: we have seen the Chinese Communist Party’s capitalization and reinvestment in labor power. The working class has gained access to the material and social resources (employment opportunities, housing, education, healthcare, and social security) needed to fully realize its potential. This also proves that China’s wealth distribution is oriented toward the needs of labor power rather than capital, a process that runs counter to the interests of capitalism.

换言之，自中国改革开放以来，生产力一直处于国家的掌握之下，生产的最终目标是改善民生。正是通过国家掌控资本，工人阶级掌握了生产资料，这确保了生产出来的社会产品服务于全体社会成员的利益。事实胜于雄辩，我们看到了中国共产党对劳动力的资本化和再投资。工人阶级有机会获得充分发挥潜力所需的物质和社会资源（就业机会、住房、教育、医疗和社会保障）。这也证明了中国的财富分配以劳动力而非资本的需求为导向，这个过程与资本主义的利益相悖。

Whole-Process People’s Democracy and the Development of Productive Forces Promote Each Other

全过程人民民主与生产力发展相互促进

The development of productive forces promotes social progress and improves the people’s living conditions. This development and the sharing of wealth are the concretization of democracy. That is to say, socio-economic development is the embodiment of people’s democracy in China. Democracy emerges in the course of development; if one wishes to measure the realization of people’s democracy or the people’s will in the state, one must observe changes in the level of development over time. This is because, in the process of socially responsible economic development, the people to some extent hold resources or the means of production; when the people control the state’s resources, they in fact also control politics. People’s democracy grants the people autonomy in policy.

生产力的发展促进了社会进步，改善了人民的生活境遇。这种发展和财富共享是民主的具体化。也就是说，社会经济发展是人民民主在中国的体现。民主是在发展中产生的，若想衡量人民民主或人民意志在国家中的实现情况，必须观察发展水平随时间的变化情况。这是因为，在对社会负责的经济发展过程中，人民在某种程度上掌握着资源或生产资料；当人民掌握国家的资源时，事实上也就掌握了政治。人民民主赋予人民在政策上的自主权。

According to the 2021 white paper *China: Democracy That Works* published by China, China guarantees that the people, in accordance with the Constitution and laws, manage state affairs, manage economic and cultural undertakings, and manage social affairs. The core is that when the people control and allocate resources through political forms for their own benefit, they can simultaneously ensure a stable social environment conducive to economic and social progress. In such a cycle, democracy promotes development, and development in turn advances democracy. This strategy of social democratization is more sensible than the multi-party elections of capitalist societies. The neo-Marxist economist and political scientist Samir Amin once asked: what form of democratization do we pursue? Is it liberal democracy, which legitimizes inequality, or democracy committed to ensuring equality?

据2021年中国发布的《中国的民主》白皮书介绍，中国保证人民依照宪法和法律规定，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。其核心是，当人民通过政治形式控制和分配资源、为自己谋福利时，同时可以确保社会环境稳定、有利于经济和社会进步。在如此循环中，民主促进发展，发展又反过来推进民主。这种社会民主化策略比资本主义社会的多党选举更为明智。新马克思主义经济学家、政治学家萨米尔·阿明（Samir Amin）曾发问，我们追求何种形式的民主化？是将不平等合法化的自由民主，还是致力于确保平等的民主？

Democratization that is obsessed with replicating the one-time voting procedures of imperialism and its social relations expressed through capital is not democracy. Nor is democratization that supports Western wars of aggression in order to share in the interests of imperialism democracy. On the contrary, China’s whole-process people’s democracy manifests itself in the ability of the masses who vote in the People’s Congresses to guide policy and transfer resources to labor power. China’s achievements in development and poverty reduction clearly show that China’s whole-process people’s democracy is effective. Further development of productive forces will also prove conducive to realizing whole-process people’s democracy.

沉迷于复制帝国主义及其由资本表现出来的社会关系的一次性投票程序的民主化不是民主。支持西方侵略战争以便分享帝国主义利益的民主化也不是民主。相反，中国的全过程人民民主表现为在人民代表大会上投票的群众能够引导政策并将资源转移到劳动力上。中国的发展和减贫成绩清楚地表明，中国的全过程人民民主是有效的。进一步发展生产力也将被证明有助于实现全过程人民民主。

Technological Innovation and High-Quality Development

科技创新与高质量发展

Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people have undergone a socialist revolution and successfully avoided imperial capital siphoning off China’s wealth through the dollar-dominated financial system. Through macroeconomic adjustments, China’s national wealth has been internally recirculated in local credit markets, ensuring sustained urbanization, rapid infrastructure development, and increased supply of public utilities. As a result, the real wealth owned by the people has continuously increased.

在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民经历了社会主义革命，成功地避免了帝国资本经由美元占主导地位的金融体系攫取中国的财富。通过宏观经济调整，中国的国家财富在地方信贷市场上进行内部再循环，确保了持续的城市化、基础设施的高速发展以及公用事业的供应增加。由此，民众拥有的实际财富不断增加。

In the early period of reform and opening up, the income gap among residents widened. However, with the development of productive forces and the implementation of policies such as poverty reduction and common prosperity, the gap between rich and poor among Chinese residents has narrowed. After the 1980s, with industrial transformation, residents’ incomes increased significantly, and the urban-rural income gap widened. But there is a dialectical relationship between growth and development; regional development imbalances and income gaps are unavoidable.

改革开放初期，居民收入差距扩大。但是，随着生产力的发展、减贫和共同富裕等政策的实施，中国居民的贫富差距缩小了。20世纪80年代以后，随着产业转型，居民收入大幅增加，城乡收入差距扩大。但增长与发展之间存在辩证关系，区域发展不平衡和收入差距是难免的。

Western mainstream media criticize that income inequality among the Chinese populace has not significantly decreased. This claim is misleading. Data released by China’s National Bureau of Statistics show that in 2022, China’s per capita disposable income Gini coefficient was 0.467. From 1978 to 2019, China’s rural poverty incidence rate fell from 97.5% to 0.6%, and the rural poor population decreased from 770 million to 5.5 million. If this is not the embodiment of people-centered development, then what is?

西方主流媒体批评说，中国民众收入不平等现象并未显著减少。这种说法具有误导性。中国国家统计局发布的数据显示，2022年中国人均可支配收入基尼系数为0.467。1978—2019年，中国农村贫困发生率从97.5%下降到0.6%，农村贫困人口从7.7亿减少到550万。如果这不是以人民为中心的发展的体现，那么什么才是？

New quality productive forces did not emerge out of thin air. Developing new quality productive forces is a new policy formed within China’s socio-economic system under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. A key thread running through Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the Chinese Communist Party’s adherence to putting the people first. Putting people first is the core of the Party’s policies and practices in the New Era. China’s historical process from revolution to reconstruction to reform and opening up has had its ups and downs, but the Chinese Communist Party has always put people first and shared weal and woe with the people.

新质生产力不是凭空产生的。发展新质生产力是在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指导下的中国社会经济制度中形成的新政策。贯穿习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的一条重要线索是中国共产党坚持人民至上。以人为本是新时代中国共产党政策和实践的核心。中国从革命到重建再到改革的历史进程有起有落，但中国共产党始终以人为本，与人民风雨同舟。

China’s earlier agricultural transformation ensured self-sufficiency in agricultural production, shifting labor power from agriculture to industry; similarly, the modern industrial transformation has begun to release labor power, with a large amount of labor power shifting from industry to the cultural and artistic industries. Admittedly, contradictions also emerged during the earlier industrialization process, with rural poverty intensifying, but the Chinese Communist Party resolved this problem, lifting nearly 100 million rural poor out of poverty. In short, every increase in the level of wealth associated with the enhancement of productive forces has strengthened the link between security and development. The Chinese people have enjoyed the fruits of the wealth created by their own country. In recent years, the increase in employment opportunities in the cultural industry sector and the enrichment of people’s leisure activities have also benefited from the enhancement of productive forces. Under the capitalist system, the subject of labor is separated from the means of production; under the socialist system, the unity of the two is maintained, and the Chinese Communist Party is the guarantor of this unity.

中国此前的农业转型确保了农业生产自给自足，使劳动力从农业转向工业；类似地，现代工业转型也开始释放劳动力，大量劳动力从工业转向文化和艺术产业。诚然，之前的工业化过程中也曾出现矛盾，农村贫困加剧，但中国共产党解决了这个问题，近1亿农村贫困人口全部脱贫。简而言之，与生产力提升相关的财富水平的每一次增长都增强了安全与发展的联系。中国人民享受到了本国创造的财富成果。近年来，文化产业领域就业机会的增加、人们的休闲活动更加丰富也受益于生产力提升。在资本主义制度下，劳动主体与生产资料是分离的；在社会主义制度下，二者的统一得到了维护，中国共产党是这种统一的保障。

Some scholars have proposed that, driven by new quality productive forces, the increase in wealth will provide ample opportunities for workers who have lost their original positions to be freed from tedious work, thereby putting into practice the socialist ideal of flexible labor. This is not some kind of utopia. China has come from its impoverished state before 1949 to where it is today thanks to the agricultural and industrial transformations in between. Developing new quality productive forces is undoubtedly the roadmap for China’s future cultural-ethical progress and socialist modernization.

有学者提出，在新质生产力的推动下，财富的增加将为失去原有岗位的劳动者提供充分的机会，使其从乏味的工作中解脱出来，从而将灵活劳动的社会主义理想付诸实践。这不是某种乌托邦。中国从1949年以前贫困的境况走到今天，得益于其间的农业和工业转型。发展新质生产力无疑是中国未来精神文明建设和社会主义现代化的路线图。

Like previous Chinese leaders, President Xi Jinping understands that improving the conditions for social reproduction is a key point of development. China is in a process of transformation; for socialism to endure in the long term, there must be a sustainable level of development to guarantee social welfare. The contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development remains a challenge before China. Therefore, President Xi Jinping proposed that “high-quality development must be upheld as the hard truth of the New Era.” The mechanisms for achieving this goal are diverse, including promoting innovation, transforming existing technological forces, revitalizing old technological forces, and cultivating new technological breakthroughs. However, these remain tactical means for achieving the strategic goals of socialism. China’s main objective remains to make the economy serve the people. If politics and the economy become disconnected, economic success cannot be sustained. High-quality development ensures that the two are unified and interconnected.

和往届中国领导人一样，习近平主席深知改善社会再生产条件是发展的一个关键点。中国正处于转型过程中，社会主义若想长期存续，必须有可持续的发展水平来保障社会福祉。人民日益增长的美好生活需要与不平衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾仍然是摆在中国面前的挑战，因此，习近平主席提出“必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理”。实现这一目标的机制多种多样，包括促进创新、转化现有技术力量、振兴旧技术力量、培育新的技术突破。然而，这些依然是实现社会主义战略目标的战术手段。中国的主要目标仍旧是使经济服务于人民。如果政治与经济脱节，经济成功就无法持续。高质量发展能够确保二者是统一且相互联系的。

President Xi Jinping understands the importance of technological innovation for high-quality development. The link between security and development is crucial in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. China continues to internalize advanced technology into an effective national defense strategy. The causal relationship between national defense and development is obvious. The imperialist accumulation process destroys everything, but China is a socialist country; its mode of accumulation is different. China relies on indigenous methods, growing demand, and consumption, rather than militaristic means. This tilts the international balance of power away from the imperialist center.

习近平主席了解科技创新对高质量发展的重要性。安全与发展的联系在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想中至关重要。中国继续将先进技术内化为有效的国防战略。国防与发展之间的因果关系是显而易见的。帝国主义的积累过程会毁灭一切，而中国是社会主义国家，它的积累方式不同。中国依靠的是本土方式、不断增长的需求和消费，而非军国主义手段。这使得国际权力平衡向帝国主义中心的反方向倾斜。

In summary, high-quality development ensures that deployed resources bring more wealth to the national economy. In recent years, the international situation has been volatile, with developed economies imposing restrictions on China in economic, technological, military, and other fields to curb China’s development. High-quality development can safeguard China’s

总而言之，高质量发展确保了已部署的资源给国民经济带来更多财富。近年来，国际形势风云变化，发达经济体在经济、技术、军事等领域对中国采取限制措施以遏制中国的发展，高质量发展可以维护中国的全球地位，保障中国在科技领域的发言权。发展和创新是相互联系、相互依存以实现全面进步的两个范畴，是国家安全的基本体现。发展、创新和国家安全“三位一体”一直是成功发展经验的鲜明历史主题。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗