A Scholarly Analysis of New Quality Productive Forces and the Paths for Their Cultivation

In September 2023, during an inspection and research trip in Heilongjiang Province, the General Secretary mentioned for the first time “new quality productive forces,” emphasizing the need to integrate scientific and technological innovation resources, lead the development of strategic emerging industries and future industries, and accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces. This constitutes a new strategic choice for China’s economic development under the new domestic and international circumstances. So, what exactly are new quality productive forces? What institutional environment and preconditions are required for their development? Through what paths can new quality productive forces be developed and cultivated? Answering these three questions is key to our study of the General Secretary’s important exposition on “new quality productive forces.”

2023年9月总书记在黑龙江考察调研期间首次提到“新质生产力”，强调整合科技创新资源，引领发展战略性新兴产业和未来产业，加快形成新质生产力。这是今后我国在国内外新形势下经济发展的新战略选择。那么，到底什么是新质生产力？新质生产力的发展需要怎样的制度环境和前提条件？通过怎样的路径发展和培育新质生产力？对这三个问题的回答成为我们学总书记关于“新质生产力”重要论述的关键所在。

I. Three Dimensions for Understanding New Quality Productive Forces

一、理解新质生产力的三个维度

(A) New Quality Productive Forces from the Dimension of New Factors of Production

（一）新生产要素维度的新质生产力

Productive forces are the capacity of human beings to utilize, transform, and protect nature. Land, labor, and capital are the constituent elements of traditional productive forces in a market economy, among which land and labor are substantive, while capital possesses both substantive (natural attributes) and non-substantive (value attributes) properties. The qualitative state of these productive forces is often substantive. With the continuous development of science and technology, we must not only attach importance to the significant role of traditional factors of production—land, labor, and capital—in the new type of industrialization, but also promptly discover the new functions of new factors of production in scientific and technological innovation. Productive forces are the decisive force driving the continuous progress of human civilization. When new factors of production empower traditional factors of production, new laborers, new instruments of labor, and new objects of labor emerge accordingly. When new factors of production integrate and grow together with traditional factors of production, they drive a leap in the energy level of new quality productive forces.

生产力是人们利用、改造和保护自然的能力。土地、劳动力、资本是市场经济中传统生产力的构成要素，其中土地和劳动力具有实体性，而资本具有实体性（自然属性）和非实体性（价值属性）两种属性。其生产力质态往往是实体性的。随着科学技术的不断发展，我们不仅要重视传统生产要素土地、劳动力、资本在新型工业化中的重要作用，更要及时发现新生产要素在科技创新中的新功能。生产力是推动人类文明不断向前发展的决定性力量，当新生产要素赋能传统生产要素的时候，新的劳动者、新的生产工具、新的生产对象就会应运而生。当新生产要素与传统生产要素之间融合成长的时候，就会带动新质生产力的能级跃迁。

New quality productive forces are productive forces in which information is the core factor and which are capable of controlling capital. From the animal-drawn productive forces of the agricultural civilization era to the mechanical productive forces of the industrial civilization era, from land as the core factor in slave society to capital as the core factor in capitalist society, productive forces have undergone qualitative leaps during this period. It is evident that the core factor of production ultimately determines, to some extent, the economic and social formation. China implements a market economy of the type of socialism with Chinese characteristics, whereas private capital controlling economic and social development is the fundamental characteristic of capitalist productive forces. Socialism with Chinese characteristics requires multiple forms of control and effective steering of various types of public capital, especially large private capital, and in particular, it must “intrinsically define the direction and purpose of capital development in the New Era.” [1]1 A reference to the need, under socialism with Chinese characteristics, to regulate the direction and purpose of capital development in the New Era, a theme in Xi Jinping’s economic thought. It is necessary to rely, on the basis of public ownership as the mainstay, on a new type of production tool and means of production. This new means of production is information technology and information labor. It is precisely the birth of the information factor, the information science and technology revolution, and intelligent means of production that cause a fundamental change in the qualitative state of traditional productive forces, forming a new pattern in which substantive productive forces and virtual information productive forces develop in parallel and mutually promote each other. New quality productive forces are productive forces that liberate laborers through the intelligent mode of the information factor. Information at the ontological level is the state of motion of things and the way that state changes. Information at the epistemological level is what the knowing subject perceives or expresses about things. Information exists in primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and socialist society. However, when the human capacity to transform nature is at a relatively low level, people rely more on vision, hearing, or oral transmission to obtain information. This indicates that people’s level of cognition of information, their ability to acquire it, and the level of productive forces are all at varying degrees of low quality. In the 1950s, the application of microelectronics technology, communication technology, and computers gave people the ability to capture information. Only then could information become a factor of production, entering the field of vision of productive forces and gradually becoming a factor of production. When information becomes a factor of production, information, as a specific factor of production different from matter and energy, begins to change the form of labor and enhance labor efficiency through information technology, and is committed to arming laborers to become intelligent laborers. Intelligent laborers are anthropomorphized laborers armed with information factors and information technology. They possess the composite anthropomorphized characteristics of laborers, means of labor, and instruments of labor. The liberation of laborers themselves through intelligent labor by intelligent laborers becomes a distinctive feature of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力是核心要素信息化并且能够驾驭资本的生产力。从农耕文明时期的畜力生产力到工业文明时期的机械生产力，从奴隶社会的土地作为核心要素到资本主义社会资本作为核心要素，期间生产力发生了质的飞跃。可见，核心生产要素在某种程度上最终决定着经济社会形态。中国实行的是中国特色社会主义类型的市场经济，而私人资本控制经济社会发展是资本主义生产力的根本特征。中国特色社会主义就是要对各类公有资本、尤其是私人大资本进行多方控制和有效驾驭，特别是要“内在地规定新时代资本的发展方向和目的”，需要在公有制为主体的基础上依赖一种新质的生产工具和生产手段，这种新的生产手段就是信息技术和信息劳动。正是信息要素、信息科技革命、智能生产手段的诞生，从而使得传统生产力的质态发生根本性变化，形成实体性生产力和虚拟性信息生产力并行互促发展的新格局。新质生产力是以信息要素智能化方式解放劳动者的生产力。本体论层次的信息，就是事物运动的状态和状态改变的方式。认识论层次的信息，就是认识主体所感知或所表述的事物。信息存在于原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会、资本主义社会、社会主义社会，只不过当人类改造自然的能力处于较低层次的时候，人们更多依靠视觉、听觉或通过口口相传等手段来获得信息，这表明人们对信息的认知水平和获得的能力以及生产力水平处于不同程度的低质状况。20世纪50年代，微电子技术、通讯技术和计算机的应用使得人们获得了捕捉信息的能力，此时信息才能够成为信息要素进入生产力视野并逐渐成为生产力要素。当信息成为生产力要素的时候，信息作为不同于物质和能量的特定信息要素就开始通过信息技术改变劳动形式和提升劳动效率，并致力于武装劳动者成为智能劳动者，智能劳动者就是经过信息要素和信息技术武装之后的拟人化的劳动者，他具备了劳动者、劳动资料、劳动工具的复合型拟人化特征，智能劳动者通过智能劳动解放劳动者本身就成为新质生产力的显著特征。

New quality productive forces are productive forces with an enhanced energy level of the aggregation of information, data, and networks. The commercial transmission of information requires networks to take flight; without networks, information is stagnant water, unable to play the key role of a factor of production. Therefore, information and networks together network the means of labor. The magical power of networks as a new factor of production lies in their characteristics of global feedback, spatiotemporal co-presence, and node-based interaction. With the support of large computing power technology, information is captured, processed, and organized into commercial data. At this point, information, networks, and data become the standard configuration of new quality productive forces. When information, networks, and data become core factors of production, the form of labor engaged in by laborers undergoes a fundamental change, shifting from facing substantive means of labor to engaging in the development, utilization, and transformation of information resources. When data, information, and networks become new factors of production, data labor—such as data collection, data mining, data analysis, data product processing, and data marketing—all transform into the reproduction of data with value and use value. In this way, data becomes informatized commodities. These massive amounts of data, that is, processed specific information commodities, steer the direction, scale, and structure of the transformation of traditional factors of production through the internet. New quality productive forces manifest as the digitization of objects of labor, the networking of means of labor, and the virtualization of the information labor engaged in by laborers.

新质生产力是信息、数据和网络聚合能级提升的生产力。信息的商业化传递需要网络才能插上腾飞的翅膀，没有网络，信息就是一潭死水，不能够发挥生产要素的关键作用。因此，信息和网络一起将劳动资料网络化，网络作为生产力新要素的神奇力量在于它具有全球反馈、时空共在、节点式互动等特征，在大算力技术的支持下，信息被捕捉、加工、整理成为商业数据，至此，信息、网络、数据成为新质生产力的标配。当信息、网络、数据成为核心生产要素的时候，劳动者从事的劳动形式由此发生根本性变化，从面对实体劳动资料到从事信息资源的开发、利用和信息转换工作。当数据、信息、网络成为新生产要素的时候，数据搜集、数据挖掘数据分析、数据产品加工、数据营销等数据劳动都会蝶变成有价值和使用价值的数据再生产。这样一来，数据就成为信息化的商品，这些海量数据即经过加工后的特定信息商品就通过互联网驾驭传统生产要素嬗变的方向、规模和结构。新质生产力就表现为劳动对象的数字化、劳动资料的网络化、劳动者从事的信息劳动的虚拟化。

The digital economy is a new form of new quality productive forces. Data, information, and networks, as three new factors of production, possess the ability to integrate traditional productive forces due to their strong permeability, high compatibility, and spatiotemporal transcendence, and thus evolve into new quality productive forces composed of data productive forces, information productive forces, and network productive forces. To strengthen the development of the digital economy and further transform the data factor of production into data productive forces, the state established the National Data Bureau on October 25, 2023. [2]2 The National Data Bureau (国家数据局) is a Chinese government agency established in 2023 under the National Development and Reform Commission to coordinate data governance and the digital economy. The National Data Bureau is managed by the National Development and Reform Commission and is mainly responsible for coordinating and promoting the construction of a basic data system,统筹 data resource integration, sharing, development, and utilization, and统筹 promoting the planning and construction of Digital China, the digital economy, and digital society. This indicates that data productive forces will enter a fast track of development due to the establishment of the National Data Bureau, which will inevitably help new quality productive forces reach a higher level of development.

数字经济是新质生产力的新型态。数据、信息、网络作为新的三个生产要素因其自身的强渗透性、多兼容性、超时空性扩散力具备了整合传统生产力的能力，进而羽化成由数据生产力、信息生产力和网络生产力构成的新质生产力。国家为了加强数字经济的发展，进一步将数据生产要素转变成数据生产力，于2023年10月25日成立了国家数据局。国家数据局由国家发展和改革委员会管理，主要负责协调推进数据基础制度建设，统筹数据资源整合共享和开发利用，统筹推进数字中国数字经济、数字社会规划和建设等。这表明数据生产力会因为国家数据局的建立而进入发展的快车道，必将助力新质生产力迈上更高发展层次。

(B) New Quality Productive Forces from the Dimension of New Science and Technology

（二）新科学技术维度的新质生产力

New quality productive forces are productive forces from the perspective of a technological revolution led by landmark new technologies. Studying the history of technological development in human society, it is not difficult to find that different eras have different new quality productive forces. The birth of steam power technology triggered the first industrial revolution, which was a new quality productive force in the 18th century where mechanical force replaced human and animal power. The second industrial revolution, marked by electric power technology, was another leap in the 19th century where electric power replaced mechanical force. This was a new quality productive force nurtured by the energy contained in the electric power productive forces of that era. Entering the latter half of the 20th century, the third industrial revolution, marked by electronic computers, aerospace technology, and biotechnology, announced the birth of yet another new quality productive force. It is evident that new quality productive forces are the result of leapfrogging industrial revolutions and the outcome of explosive technological innovation.

新质生产力是标志性新技术引领的技术革命视阈下的生产力。研究人类社会的技术发展历史，不难发现不同时代有不同时代的新质生产力。蒸汽动力技术的诞生引发了第一次产业革命，这是18世纪机械力取代人力和畜力的新质生产力。以电力技术为标志产生的第二次工业革命，是19世纪电力取代机械力的又一次飞跃，这是那个时代电力生产力蕴涵的能量孕育的新质生产力。进入20世纪后半期，以电子计算机、航天技术、生物科技为标志的第三次工业革命，宣告又一次新质生产力的诞生。可见，新质生产力是跳跃式产业革命的结果，是爆发式技术创新的结果。

The emergence of new science and technology requires the soil and conditions for its generation. The history of scientific and technological development shows that the emergence of science and technology is not arbitrary. China is one of the four great ancient civilizations in history, yet the question of why China did not experience an industrial revolution — the "Needham Problem" — compels us to reflect on the mechanism of technological revolution and the issue of spatial selection. Research has found that the emergence of new quality productive forces is the combined result of a cultural revolution, an institutional revolution, a revolution in basic science, and an industrial-technological revolution. The occurrence of a new industrial-technological revolution is the logical outcome and concrete manifestation of the cultural revolution, institutional revolution, and basic science revolution. Without undergoing profound revolutions in these three preceding aspects, new quality productive forces, with industrial revolution as their form of movement, will not emerge. Cultural change and institutional change are crucial for a scientific and technological revolution. Here, we focus on elaborating the relationship between basic science and new quality productive forces.

新科学技术的产生需要产生它的土壤和条件。科技发展历史表明，科学技术的产生并不具有任意性，中国是历史上四大文明古国之一，但是中国为什么没有发生工业革命这一“李约瑟难题”令我们思考技术革命的发生机理和空间选择问题。研究发现，新质生产力的出现是文化革命、制度革命、基础科学革命、产业技术革命综合作用的结果，崭新的产业技术革命的发生是文化革命、制度革命和基础科学革命的逻辑结果和现实表现，不经过前三个方面的深刻革命，以产业革命为运动形式的新质生产力是不会出现的。文化变革与制度变革对于科技革命至关重要，这里重点阐述基础科学与新质生产力之间的关系。

New quality productive forces are productive forces established on the basis of the combined action of cutting-edge basic science and developmental applied science. In the past, the most fundamental reason for China's shortage of core, high-end, and key technologies was the lag in the development of basic science, along with the misguided orientation of the technology import development strategy of "building is not as good as buying, and buying is not as good as leasing." [3]3 This refers to a development strategy, prevalent in some periods of China's reform and opening up, that prioritized importing foreign technology and equipment over domestic research and development, based on a cost-benefit calculation. In particular, it is necessary to "eliminate the Western comparative advantage theory and strategy that rely primarily on importing foreign technology, and firmly establish a theory and strategy of independent intellectual property advantages; this is the fundamental measure to change the shortage of high-tech technological innovation in China." [4]4 This is a direct quotation from the authors' own prior work or a policy document, arguing for a strategic shift away from relying on foreign technology. People discover new science through basic research, deduce new technologies from new science, and then comprehensively promote new applied research with new technologies, thereby enabling the multiple links from basic research to applied research to form an efficient closed loop of scientific and technological research and development. Cutting-edge basic science requires long-term, arduous, cumulative research before new ideas, new theories, and new doctrines can emerge. The in-depth research of this cutting-edge basic science is the source of new technologies, the foundation for achieving original innovation from "0" to "1." Applied technology research without the support of cutting-edge basic science is all follower innovation or imitative innovation. The fundamental strategy to change imitative innovation is to possess a combined foundation for basic research and development. Through exploring the feasibility of transformation pathways for new science, tentatively exploring coupling pathways between new sciences, and conducting correlational experimental explorations of cross-disciplinary pathways between new natural sciences and new social sciences, we can achieve key breakthroughs in leading technologies and disruptive technologies, and construct advanced research and development in information technology, biotechnology, green technology, computing power technology, and artificial intelligence technology. On this basis, these systematic new technology clusters are first applied to the real economy manufacturing sector to improve resource conversion capacity and conversion efficiency; applied to production and operation management to enhance digital, informational, and intelligent management efficiency; and applied to social operations to reduce the cost of high-quality, homogenized public goods and services. This shows that new science and technology not only promote the dynamic, high-quality development of the real economy but can also drive the general improvement of the overall productive forces of the entire society. This indicates that theoretical innovation, underpinned by basic research and development, is the living source for generating advanced and key technologies and is the hallmark of the emergence, development, and formation of new quality productive forces: new quality productive forces are the common rise of new technology clusters. A society entering the overall pattern of new quality productive forces is the result of the roughly coordinated development of modern high-tech in all sectors of the national economy. The advanced development of high-tech in only a few industrial fields cannot yet be called the social form of new quality productive forces; it can only be called new industries. Especially for a large country like China with a population of over 1.4 billion, and given the current international situation where the US and the West are sanctioning China's economy and technology, we must have the ability to achieve a self-reliant and self-strengthening domestic economic circulation, and we must possess high-tech clusters that are not subject to the "stranglehold" of the US and the West. [5]5 "Stranglehold" (卡脖子) is a common Chinese political-economic metaphor for Western technological sanctions and export controls designed to block China's access to critical technologies. Key high-tech in areas such as electronics and information technology, bioengineering and new pharmaceutical technology, aerospace technology, nuclear application technology, marine engineering technology, new energy and energy-efficient technology, new environmental protection technology, and modern agricultural technology — we cannot be lacking in any of these. They need to be gradually conquered through a new type of nationwide system [6]6 "New type of nationwide system" (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mobilization of resources across the country to achieve strategic technological breakthroughs, updated from the Mao-era planning system.; otherwise, we will be constrained by the sanctions, encirclement, and suppression of the US and the West.

新质生产力是建立在前沿性基础科学与开发性应用科学共同作用基础上的生产力。以往中国核心高端关键技术短缺的最根本原因就是基础科学发展滞后，当然也有“造不如买买不如租”的技术进口发展战略的错误导向。尤其是要“消除主要依赖引进外国科技的西方比较优势理论和战略，牢固确立自主知识产权优势理论和战略，这是改变中国高科技技术创新短缺的根本措施。人们通过基础研究发现新科学，以新科学演绎新技术，再以新技术全面推动新应用研究，进而使得从基础研究到应用研究经历的多个环节构成高效运转的科技研发闭环。前沿性基础科学需要长期的、艰苦的累积性研究才能有新思想、新学说、新理论的产生，这些前沿性基础科学的深入研究是诞生新技术的源头，是实现从“0”到“1”原始创新的根本，没有前沿性基础科学支撑的应用技术研究都是跟随性创新或者是模仿性创新。改变模仿性创新的根本策略是具备基础研发的合力底座。通过新科学转化路径的可行性探求、新科学之间耦合路径的尝试性探究、新自然科学与新社会科学交叉路径的关联性试验探究，实现引领性技术、颠覆性技术的关键性突破，建构信息技术、生物技术、绿色技术、算力技术、人工智能技术的超前性研发，在此基础上，把这些系统性新技术群首先运用到实体经济制造业领域，提高资源转化能力和转化效率；运用到生产经营管理中，提高数字化、信息化和智能化管理效能；运用到社会运行之中，减低公共产品高质量均质化服务成本。由此可见，新科学技术不仅促进实体经济的动态高质量发展，而且还可以带动全社会整体生产力的普遍提升。这说明，以基础研发为底蕴的理论创新是产生超前技术和关键技术的活水源头，是新质生产力产生、发展和形成的标志：新质生产力是新技术群的共同崛起。一个社会进入新质生产力的总格局，是现代高新科技在国民经济各行各业大致协同发展的结果，仅有几个产业领域的高新技术领先发展，还不能称其为新质生产力的社会形态，只能称其为新产业。尤其是对于中国这样一个有着14亿多人口的大国而言，对于当下美西方制裁中国经济和科技的国际新形势而言，我们必须有实现自立自强的国民经济内循环的能力，必须有不受制于美西方“卡脖子”的高新技术群。电子与信息技术、生物工程和新医药技术、航空航天技术、核应用技术、海洋工程技术、新能源与高效节能技术、环境保护新技术、现代农业技术等，这些领域的关键高新科技我们一个都不能少，需要通过新型举国体制来逐步攻克，否则都会受制于美西方的制裁、围堵和打压。

(III) New Quality Productive Forces from the Dimension of Strategic Emerging Industries

（三）战略性新产业维度的新质生产力

New quality productive forces require an industrial system with a scientific and rational structure for support. In the modern industrial system, infrastructure industries, people's livelihood industries, and strategic emerging industries are the three pillars supporting new quality productive forces. Among them, traditional infrastructure industries include roads, railways, bridges, airports, ports, railway stations, water, electricity, and gas pipeline networks, and sewage systems. New infrastructure industries mainly include seven major areas: 5G base station construction, intercity high-speed railways and urban rail transit, new energy vehicle charging piles, ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission, big data centers, artificial intelligence, and the industrial internet. Traditional infrastructure industries and new infrastructure industries together constitute the two cornerstones of new quality productive forces. Civilian light industry, agriculture, and the construction industry for public rental housing and commercial housing, with residential housing as the main body, are real economy people's livelihood industries. Education, healthcare, and elderly care are service-type people's livelihood industries. New quality productive forces do not discard these real economy people's livelihood industries and service-type people's livelihood industries; rather, they use information and communication technology and big data technology to comprehensively upgrade traditional industry clusters. The upgraded new traditional industries, together with strategic emerging industries, constitute efficient, fast, stable, and secure new quality industry clusters. The productive forces established on the basis of new quality industry clusters become new quality productive forces.

新质生产力需要结构科学合理的产业体系来支撑。在现代产业体系中，基础设施产业、民生产业、战略性新兴产业是支撑新质生产力的三大支柱。其中，传统的基础设施产业包括道路、铁路、桥梁、机场、港口、火车站、水电气管网系统、排污系统等，新基础设施产业主要包括5G基站建设、城际高速铁路和城市轨道交通、新能源汽车充电桩、特高压、大数据中心、人工智能、工业互联网七大领域，传统基础设施产业和新型基础设施产业共同构成新质生产力的两大基石。民用轻工业、农业、以居民住房为主体的公租房和商品房建筑业是实体民生产业，教育、医疗、养老是服务型民生产业。新质生产力不是抛弃这些实体民生产业和服务型民生产业，而是运用信息通讯技术和大数据技术对传统产业群进行全面产业升级，升级后的新传统产业与战略性新兴产业共同构成高效、快捷、稳定、安全的新质产业集群，建立在新质产业群基础上的生产力成为新质生产力。

New quality productive forces require clarifying the functional positioning of each part within the modern industrial system. The functional positioning of industries is based on the division of labor among industries. The infrastructure industry, the big health industry, big agriculture, and the big real estate industry, after being upgraded and transformed with digital and intelligent technologies, will be the new forces on which the development of new quality productive forces relies. Advanced heavy equipment manufacturing and high-tech military industry, as strategic emerging industries, are the core leading industries of new quality productive forces. They are pioneering industries representing the future trend of industrial development and are competitive industries capable of controlling the international situation and seizing strategic initiative. The successful sales of the Huawei Mate 60 Pro indicate that China possesses the ability to independently research and develop high-tech, achieving a genuine upgrade of the industrial structure. This shows that China no longer has to rely on the real estate industry to drive economic growth as it did in the past, but can now rely entirely on the strategic emerging industries within the modern industrial system to promote strong economic growth in China. It can be seen that new quality productive forces, driven by a modern industrial system with a scientific and rational structure, especially its strategic emerging industries, can enter a new track of virtuous cycle development!

新质生产力需要明确现代产业体系内部结构的各自功能定位。产业的功能定位是以产业分工为基础的。以数字化技术、智能化技术改造升级后的基础设施产业、大健康产业、大农业、大房地产业将是新质生产力发展依托的新生力量。先进重型装备制造业、高科技军事工业作为战略性新兴产业是新质生产力的核心主导产业，是代表未来产业发展趋势的先导性产业，是能够掌控国际局势把握战略主动权的竞争性产业。华为Mate60Pro的成功销售，表明中国具备了完全自主研发高科技的能力，实现了真正意义上的产业结构升级，这说明中国可以不再像以往那样不得不依靠房地产业来拉动经济增长了，而今完全可以依靠现代产业体系中的战略性新兴产业来促进中国经济的强劲增长了。由此可见，由结构科学合理的现代产业体系特别是其中的战略性新兴产业推动的新质生产力完全可以进入良性循环发展的新赛道了！

Rationally predicting forward-looking strategic industries is the code to ensuring that new quality productive forces exhibit lasting and vigorous vitality. Strategic emerging industries are necessarily high-tech industries that control specific spaces. Regarding outer space, the space breeding industry, space communication industry, and space military industry are all forward-looking strategic industries. Regarding the deep sea, the deep-sea engineering manufacturing industry, deep-sea exploration industry, deep-sea processing industry, deep-sea resource pharmaceutical industry, and deep-sea multi-layered division of labor transportation industry are all forward-looking strategic industries. With the further development of science and technology, the new energy industry, brain-inspired intelligence industry, quantum information communication industry, genetic biology industry, aerospace industry, and deep-sea equipment industry will also become future forward-looking strategic industries. The development of forward-looking strategic industries also has rules to follow. We can follow entirely new design ideas of new materials, new media, new micro-world units, new macro-integrated overall architectures, and new network connection forms to construct the research and development direction of future industries, explore the transformation method from single-industry independent chips to multi-industry compatible chips, and strive to achieve a fundamental shift from continuous upgrading of domestic integrated industries to industrial iterative upgrading through the layout of the entire industrial chain.

理性预测前瞻性战略产业是确保新质生产力呈现持久旺盛生命力的密码。战略性新兴产业一定是特定空间的掌控型高科技产业，就太空而言，太空育种业、太空通信业、太空军工产业都是前瞻性战略产业。就深海而言，深海工程制造业、深海勘探业、深海加工业、深海资源制药业、深海多层分工交通业等都是前瞻性战略产业。随着科学技术的进一步发展，新能源产业、类脑智能产业、量子信息通讯产业、基因生物产业、航空航天产业、深海装备产业也会成为未来前瞻性战略产业。前瞻性战略产业发展也是有规律可循的，我们可以沿着新材料、新介质、新微观世界单元、新宏观集成整体架构、新网络连接形式的全新设计思路，构筑未来产业的研发方向，探索单个产业独立型芯片向多个产业兼容型芯片转化方式，力争通过全产业链布局，实现国产化集成产业连续升级向产业迭代升级的根本性转变。

II. The Socialist Relations of Production with Chinese Characteristics that Promote the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

二、促进新质生产力发展的中国特色社会主义生产关系

(I) Correctly Understand the Dialectical Relationship between Socialist Relations of Production and New Quality Productive Forces

（一）要正确认识社会主义生产关系与新质生产力的辨证关系

New quality productive forces require the support and control of socialist relations of production. Marxist political economy teaches us that productive forces and relations of production are a unity, interacting with and influencing each other. Observing the history of economic development, productive forces of different natures ultimately give rise to different relations of production or economic systems. “The hand-mill gives you society with the feudal lord; the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist.” Only socialist relations of production can enable socialist new quality productive forces to achieve high-quality development at an unprecedented speed. Some scholars argue that “the socialist basic economic system provides the micro-level carriers for the development of new quality productive forces.” In fact, the socialist basic economic system, as relations of production, not only provides micro-level carriers for new quality productive forces — state-owned enterprises and private enterprises [7]7 The original text uses the term “民营企业” (minying qiye), literally “people-run enterprises,” which in the Chinese context refers to private enterprises or non-state-owned enterprises. — but also furnishes the intrinsic stipulations for the people-oriented, harmonious, and stable growth of new quality productive forces. Without socialist relations of production centered on public ownership, it is impossible to shape the socialist society of new quality productive forces.

新质生产力需要社会主义生产关系的加持和掌控。马克思主义政治经济学告诉我们，生产力和生产关系二者是统一的，既相互作用又相互影响。观察经济发展史，不同性质的生产力最终会产生不同的生产关系或经济制度。“手推磨产生的是封建主的社会，蒸汽磨产生的是工业资本家的社会。”只有社会主义生产关系，才能促进社会主义新质生产力以前所未有的速度呈现高质量发展。有学者认为，“社会主义基本经济制度为新质生产力的发展提供微观载体”，事实上，作为生产关系的社会主义基本经济制度不仅为新质生产力提供了微观载体一一国有企业和民营企业回，更是为新质生产力发展提供人民性、和谐性、稳定性成长的内在规定性。没有公有制为主体的社会主义生产关系，就无法塑造新质生产力的社会主义社会。

The promotion of the development of new quality productive forces by socialist relations of production is realized through the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of China and the latest theoretical achievements in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics has drawn on the developmental achievements of capitalist productive forces and utilized capital to provide conditions for the development of new quality productive forces. However, under capitalist conditions, private capital uses science and technology and alienates them into a means of enslaving the working class, a situation that requires correction and innovation. In Marx’s view, “science and technology are used by capital as a tool to break through the boundaries of nature and morality,” which indicates that we must transform the capitalist mode of production. To transform the monopoly and disorderly expansion of private large capital within the scope of a socialist society with Chinese characteristics, it is precisely necessary to implement the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of China and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Through the “people-centered” institutional mechanisms and the new development philosophy, and by setting up traffic lights for capital to construct an order for capital operation, the Communist Party of China ensures the people-oriented nature of capital use and the inclusiveness of capital appreciation, and ensures medium-to-high-speed development and the narrowing of the gap between rich and poor. The socialist basic economic system is the constraining condition that ensures the correct developmental direction of new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces are productive forces in which new production factors are fully integrated and permeated; they are productive forces in which advanced new production factors upgrade traditional production factors in the process of institutional change. Then, “how can advanced technological factors be successfully transformed into a universally effective new technological paradigm through institutional change?” The answer to this question becomes the core content of the relationship between new production factors and institutional optimization. On the one hand, advanced production factors conform to the developmental demands of the socialist basic economic system, and the socialist basic economic system manifests its superiority precisely through the universal optimization of advanced production factors. On the other hand, the socialist basic economic system is conducive to the generation and application of all advanced new production factors, ensuring that advanced technological factors benefit the working people, serve Chinese-path modernization, and contribute to a strong country and prosperous people. This is the principle by which the socialist basic system opens the way forward for advanced technological factors, and it is the guarantee that new production factors serve the developmental direction of the national economy under new quality productive forces.

社会主义生产关系促进新质生产力发展是通过中国共产党的全面领导和马克思主义中国化时代化最新理论成果来实现的。中国特色社会主义伟大事业的发展借鉴了资本主义生产力发展成果，利用资本为新质生产力发展提供发展条件，但是资本主义境遇下的私人资本利用科学技术并将其异化为奴役工人阶级的手段，则是需要加以校正和革新的。在马克思看来，“科学技术被资本用来打破自然和道德界限的工具之逻辑”，这表明我们必须要对资本主义生产方式进行变革，而要变革中国特色社会主义社会范围内的私人大资本垄断和无序扩张，恰恰要通过贯彻落实中国共产党的全面领导和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。中国共产党通过“人民至上”体制机制和新发展理念，通过为资本设置红绿灯来建构资本运行秩序，确保资本运用的人民性和资本增值的普惠性，确保中高速发展和缩小贫富差距社会主义基本经济制度是确保新质生产力正确发展方向的约束性条件。新质生产力是新生产要素全面融入和渗透下的生产力，是先进的新生产要素在制度变革过程中提升传统生产要素的生产力。那么，“先进的技术要素如何通过制度变革而成功地转化为普遍有效的新技术范式？”对这一问题的回答，成为新生产要素与制度优化之间关系的核心内容。一方面，先进生产要素符合社会主义基本经济制度的发展诉求，社会主义基本经济制度正是通过先进生产要素的普遍优化来彰显其优越性的。另一方面，社会主义基本经济制度有利于一切先进新生产要素的产生和运用，让先进技术要素有利于劳动人民、有利于中国式现代化建设和国强民富，是社会主义基本制度为先进技术要素开辟前进道路的原则，是确保新生产要素服务于新质生产力的民族经济发展方向。

(II) The regulatory mechanisms of government and the market must be correctly utilized

（二）要正确运用政府与市场的调节体制机制

The government’s capacity to steer the market is a prerequisite for ensuring the growth of new quality productive forces. The relationship between government and market is an important relationship in the socialist market economy. One of the important roles of government is to construct a fair, just, efficient, orderly, and unified market order for new quality productive forces, with the aim of improving market transaction efficiency and reducing market transaction costs. A chaotic, disorderly, or monopolistic market not only prevents the healthy growth of new quality productive forces but also raises market transaction costs and reduces market transaction efficiency. An efficient market and an efficient government are the goals pursued by the socialist market economy. The current problem is that an efficient market does not emerge automatically. Therefore, the government needs to regulate market entities, market transaction systems, and market behavior in accordance with the law. The government’s creation of a legalized environment is of paramount importance. “The legalized business environment, as a typical reflection of economic law promoting a proactive government, should follow the principle of equal treatment of market entities, preventing any type of market entity from forming unfair competitive advantages or disadvantages.” In this way, the government should not only be an efficient government but also a proactive government; the market should not only be an efficient market but also an effective market, thereby achieving a two-way promotion between an efficient government and an efficient market, and between a proactive government and an effective market. Only when the respective operational states of government and market and the interrelationship between them are in a state of good order can conditions truly be created for the healthy development of new quality productive forces, and can new quality productive forces be promoted to open up new horizons.

政府的市场驾驭能力是确保新质生产力成长的前提条件。政府和市场的关系是社会主义市场经济的重要关系，政府的重要作用之一就是为新质生产力建构公平、公正、高效、有序、统一的市场秩序，目的是提高市场交易效率和降低市场交易成本；混乱、无序、垄断的市场不仅无法让新质生产力健康成长，还会提高市场交易成本并降低市场交易效率。高效市场和高效政府是社会主义市场经济的目标追求，现在的问题是，高效市场是不会自动出现的。因此，需要政府依法对市场主体、市场交易制度、市场行为进行规制。政府营造法制化环境显得至关重要。“法治化营商环境作为经济法促进有为政府的典型映射，应遵循市场主体平等规则，不让任何一类市场主体形成不正当的竞争优势或劣势。”这样一来，政府不仅是高效政府，还应该是有为政府；市场不仅是高效市场，还应该是有效市场，从而实现高效政府和高效市场、有为政府和有效市场之间的双向促进。当政府和市场各自的运行状态和彼此之间的相互关系处于良好秩序状况下的时候，才能真正为新质生产力创造健康发展的条件，才能促进新质生产力开创一片新天地。

Government regulation of the market must be based on correct political economic theory. The existence of market barriers, distortions in resource and commodity prices, and asymmetries between demand and supply are all prominent manifestations of market failure. Governing these problems in market operation requires scientific theoretical guidance. Those scholars who advocate for a “small government, big market” and believe that the market itself is effective and will automatically achieve dynamic equilibrium are, in essence, falling into the trap of Western economics. In the view of Western economics, the assumption of the economic man is correct; “this is the foundation upon which the theory of market effectiveness and even the entire theoretical system of Western economics rests.” In fact, from the perspective of Marxist political economy, the assumption of the economic man has serious problems. The “economic man” in Western economics is the “theory of the completely self-interested economic man,” while the “economic man” in economic practice is the “dual-nature economic man of self-interest and altruism.” Once the “economic man” assumption is negated, the theoretical basis for intervening in the market under the guidance of Western economics is negated, the serious consequences of the neoliberal trend of thought are recognized, and important measures such as scientific government intervention in the market, real-time correction of market failures, decisive breaking of market monopolies, and effective reduction of commodity market prices in areas related to people’s livelihoods will be implemented under the guidance of Marxist political economy, thereby improving the developmental efficiency of new quality productive forces.

政府调控市场要以正确的政治经济学理论为依据。市场壁垒的存在、资源和商品价格的扭曲、需求和供给的非对称性等都是市场失灵的突出表现，治理市场运行存在的这些问题需要科学的理论指导，而那些主张“小政府、大市场”并认为市场自身具有有效性并会自动实现动态平衡的学者，不外乎是中了西方经济学的圈套。在西方经济学看来，经济人的假设是正确的，“这是市场有效性理论乃至整个西方经济学理论所赖以成立的基础”。而事实上，在马克思主义政治经济学看来，经济人假设存在严重问题，西方经济学中的“经济人”是“完全自私经济人论”，而经济实践中的“经济人"是“利己利他双性经济人”。当“经济人”假设被否定之后，就否定了西方经济学指导下干预市场的理论基础，就认清了新自由主义思潮带来的严重后果，就会在马克思主义政治经济学指导下实行政府科学干预市场、实时校正市场失灵、果断打破市场垄断、有效降低民生领域商品市场价格等重要措施，并以此提高新质生产力发展效率。

New quality productive forces require the government to open up a broad, stable, unified, efficient, and fair market for their sustainable development. The Belt and Road Initiative is the broadest international market that the Chinese government has opened up for the development of new quality productive forces; at the same time, the Chinese market itself is a broader space for countries around the world to develop in China. The domestic and international security architecture in which China is situated is a stable market environment created by the government for the development of new quality productive forces. To break down the fragmentation of interests between regions, it is necessary to establish unified markets for factors of production, commodities, and services; this is a powerful measure by the government to create an efficient, fair, and unified large market for new quality productive forces. Of course, government regulation of the market carries certain value orientations and preferences. The government regulation of the market in capitalist countries is designed to benefit the bourgeois groups; the people's government of China regulates the market out

新质生产力需要政府为其可持续发展开辟广阔、稳定、统一、高效、公平的市场。“一带一路”倡议是中国政府为新质生产力发展开辟的最广阔国际市场，与此同时，中国市场也是世界各国来华发展的更广阔空间；中国所处的国内外大安全格局是政府为新质生产力发展营造的稳定市场环境；破除地区之间利益分割，就要建立统一要素市场、商品市场和服务市场，这是政府为新质生产力创造高效、公平、统一大市场的有力举措。当然，政府调控市场具有一定的价值取向和偏好选择。资本主义国家的政府调控市场是为了有利于资产阶级集团，中国的人民政府是出于对人民负责和对国家负责进行调控市场，调控的出发点决定了政府使用的调控手段和调控工具。以房地产行业为例，住房具有民生属性，但当房地产市场发展出现扭曲现象的时候，政府就要对房地产市场中将购房作为投资属性的行为进行规范和治理。哪个行业出现了偏离人民要求和伤害群众利益的市场行为，政府就要对哪个行业进行市场干预和经济规制。如果说房地产行业属于传统行业，那么，平台经济则是新兴行业。政府调控不仅体现在传统产业领域，更要对新兴产业进行及时规范。随着大数据、信息化、互联网和人工智能时代的到来，互联网行业更容易形成市场垄断，近些年出现的平台垄断现象就是信息化时代的突出问题。一些平台企业不再像以往通过传统规模经济的手段获取市场势力或提高市场占有率，而是通过数据资源获取便利化、数据智能化、信息共时化、网络协同化来获取市场规模，导致“产业组织逐步从原先的垂直整合架构向网络协同架构转化”。对此，政府已经在大数据时代对平台经济垄断进行了有序治理，这样的治理对于新质生产力在平台经济领域的发展至关重要。

(3) The significant role of state-owned enterprises in promoting the development of new quality productive forces must be fully brought into play.

（三）要充分发挥国有企业促进新质生产力发展的重大作用

State-owned enterprises are the foundation for the development of new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises are the concentrated embodiment of public ownership of the means of production in a socialist economy, the economic base that ensures the long-term stable governance of the Chinese Communist Party, and, moreover, the solid backing that drives the development of new quality productive forces. In a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, “publicly owned enterprises are naturally endowed with the goal of pursuing the maximization of social welfare; they are by no means merely tools to remedy market failures, but rather an important foundation for the entire socio-economic development.”[n] State-owned enterprises play a fundamental and pivotal role in key sectors such as finance, energy, electricity, communications, and transportation. They play an irreplaceable role in major industries vital to the national economy and people’s livelihood, such as large-scale equipment manufacturing, the military industry, reserve industries, the cultural industry, and agriculture. State-owned enterprises are also the steadfast guarantors of overall security, including national economic security, political security, cultural security, social security, and ecological security. Whether it is the dazzling debut of new production factors such as data, networks, and information, or the sudden emergence of emerging strategic industries, a safe and stable development environment is required, and state-owned enterprises are precisely the anchor for the country’s stable development. It is in this sense that state-owned enterprises escort and safeguard the development of new quality productive forces, and that state-owned enterprises best embody the governance will of the Chinese Communist Party.

国有企业是新质生产力发展的根基。国有企业是社会主义经济中生产资料公有制的集中体现，是确保中国共产党长期稳定执政的经济基础，更是推动新质生产力发展的坚实后盾。在中国特色社会主义市场经济中，“公有制企业天然地被赋予追求社会福利最大化的目标，绝不仅仅是弥补市场失灵的工具，而是整个社会经济发展的重要基础”可。国有企业在金融、能源、电力、通信、交通等重要关键领域发挥着基础性、关键性作用，国有企业在大型装备制造业、军工产业、储备产业、文化产业、农业等关系国计民生重要行业领域发挥着不可替代的作用，国有企业还是国家经济安全、政治安全、文化安全、社会安全、生态安全等总体安全的坚强保障者。无论是数据、网络、信息等新生产要素的全新闪亮登场，还是新兴战略性产业的横空出世，都需要安全的、稳定的发展环境，而国有企业正是国家稳定发展的锚定物。正是从这个意义上讲，国有企业为新质生产力发展保驾护航，国有企业最能体现中国共产党的执政意愿。

New quality productive forces supported by state-owned enterprises are an important subject in building Chinese-path modernization in the digital era. Chinese-path modernization, with its content of new-type industrialization, urbanization, and the modernization of people themselves, provides a broad field for the development of new quality productive forces, and new quality productive forces are a powerful driving force for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Chinese-path modernization requires the joint efforts of state-owned enterprises and nationally oriented private enterprises, and especially requires state-owned enterprises that underpin the lifelines of the national economy. When the world economy entered the digital era, it was private enterprises that first rose to prominence; they occupied important positions in the platform economy and formed an increasingly intense monopoly situation. This requires us to achieve a major development of state-owned enterprises in the field of the platform economy, and, while addressing the monopoly problem in the platform economy, to increase the share of state-owned enterprises in this field. Faced with platform economy monopoly, we must first understand its root cause:

国有企业支持的新质生产力是数字化时代建设中国式现代化的重要主体。以新型工业化、城镇化和人的自身现代化为内容的中国式现代化为新质生产力提供了广阔的发展领域，新质生产力是推进中国式现代化的强大推动力。中国式现代化需要国有企业、民族性民营企业的共同努力，尤其是需要支撑国民经济命脉的国有企业。当世界经济进入数字化时代的时候，首先崛起的是私有企业，他们占据了平台经济的重要位置，而且形成了愈演愈烈的垄断态势。这就要求我们要实现国有企业在平台经济领域的大发展，要在治理平台经济垄断问题的同时，提升国有企业在平台经济领域的占比。面对平台经济垄断，首先要清楚平台经济垄断的根本原因，

“The root cause of platform economy monopoly is the private possession of big data initial resources and the private ownership of platform enterprises.”[n] In response, under the premise of adhering to socialist public ownership and ensuring national information security and citizens’ privacy security, we must continuously expand the scale of state-owned enterprises in the field of the platform economy. On the one hand, consolidate digital infrastructure construction through state-owned enterprises; on the other hand, by improving the development quality of digital state-owned enterprises, obtain more digital resources, form digital productive forces, and jointly advance the development of new quality productive forces in the digital era, thereby promoting the process of Chinese-path modernization.

“平台经济垄断产生的根本原因是大数据初始资源私人占有和平台企业私有制”。对此，要在坚持社会主义公有制前提下，在确保国家信息安全和公民隐私安全的前提下，不断扩大国有企业在平台经济领域的规模，一方面通过国有企业夯实数字基础设施建设，另一方面通过提升数字国有企业发展质量，获得更多数字资源，形成数字生产力，共同推进数字化时代新质生产力发展，从而推动中国式现代化建设的进程。

New quality productive forces will rely on state-owned enterprises to achieve common prosperity at a higher level. The development of new quality productive forces is intended to enable the entire people to lead a happy and prosperous life at a higher level and to achieve common prosperity. Since the issue of wealth and income distribution is essentially an issue of ownership, and state-owned enterprises are precisely the carriers of public ownership of the means of production and the most important subjects in the development of new quality productive forces, on the one hand, only state-owned enterprises that bear the task of developing new quality productive forces can provide the entire people with more tangible wealth for distribution; on the other hand, as the subjects of new quality productive forces, state-owned enterprises, because they accommodate more new production factors and new technologies, can also create more digital industries, digital wealth, and digital employment opportunities. These additional employment opportunities are the fundamental measure for changing poverty and backwardness. State-owned enterprises are distributed across various industries, and numerous new industries with state-owned enterprises will generate stronger spillover effects, thereby forming a favorable situation of virtuous economic circulation and creating more pathways for achieving common prosperity.

新质生产力会依托国有企业实现更高层次的共同富裕。新质生产力的发展是为了让全国人民在更高的层次上都过上美满幸福生活，实现共同富裕。由于财富和收入分配问题本质上是所有制问题，而国有企业正是生产资料公有制的承载体，也是新质生产力发展的最重要主体。一方面，只有承载新质生产力发展任务的国有企业能够为全国人民提供更多可供分配的实体财富；另一方面，作为新质生产力主体的国有企业因为容纳了更多的新生产要素和新科技，还能够创造出更多的数字产业、数字财富和数字化就业机会，这些更多就业机会是改变贫穷落后的根本措施。国有企业分布在各个行业，众多拥有国有企业的新产业就会产生更强的溢出效应，由此形成经济良性循环的良好态势，从而为共同富裕创造更多的实现路径。

III. Feasible Pathways for Cultivating New Quality Productive Forces

三、培育新质生产力的可行性路径

(1) New mechanisms provide new impetus for cultivating new quality productive forces.

（一）新机制为培育新质生产力提供新动力

New quality productive forces require the full cooperation and coordinated advancement of new ideas, new subjects, new mechanisms, and new impetus. The new international situation requires us, under the guidance of innovative Marxist theory, under the correct guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, under the comprehensive leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, to draw great wisdom from the rich ideas contained in fine traditional Chinese culture, and to make strategic plans and arrangements centered on the country’s strategic survival needs and long-term economic development. Through accurately recognizing changes, actively seeking changes, and scientifically responding to changes, we must clarify the strategic goals of the country’s sustainable development and promote the efficient development of new quality productive forces in resonance with the reform and innovation of relations of production.

新质生产力需要新思想、新主体、新机制、新动力的通力合作与协同推进。新的国际形势要求我们要在创新马克思主义理论指导下，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的正确指引下，在中国共产党的全面领导下，从中华优秀传统文化蕴藏的丰富思想中汲取大智慧，围绕国家战略生存需求和国家经济长远发展进行布局谋篇。通过准确识变、主动求变和科学应变，明确国家可持续发展的战略目标，推进新质生产力的高效发展和生产关系改革创新的同频共振。

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the action guide for the development of new quality productive forces. The Chinese national community is the national subject for the development of new quality productive forces. The five new concepts for development—innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing—are the endogenous impetus that inspires the Chinese national community to unite as one in promoting the development of new quality productive forces. The new pattern of development is the spatial carrier for the development of new quality productive forces. The modern industrial system is the meso-level carrier for the development of new quality productive forces. State-owned enterprises and nationally oriented private enterprises are the micro-level carriers for the development of new quality productive forces. High-quality development is both the goal pursued by new quality productive forces and the result of their development; high-quality development and new quality productive forces share an inherent consistency in value orientation. A high-level socialist market economy system is a vivid reflection of the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity. The modernization of the governance system and governance capacity ensures, on the whole, the efficient, stable, and long-term development of new quality productive forces. There is an inherent unity and external compatibility among the high-level socialist market economy system, the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity, and new quality productive forces.

习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是新质生产力发展的行动指南。中华民族共同体是新质生产力发展的民族主体，创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享五大新发展理念是激发中华民族共同体团结一致促进新质生产力发展的内生动力。新发展格局是新质生产力发展的空间载体，现代化产业体系是新质生产力发展的中观载体，国有企业、民族性民营企业是新质生产力发展的微观载体。高质量发展既是新质生产力追求的目标，也是新质生产力发展的结果，高质量发展与新质生产力具有价值取向一致的内在规定性。高水平社会主义市场经济体制是治理体系和治理能力现代化的生动反映，治理体系和治理能力现代化从总体上确保新质生产力的高效、稳定，长远发展，高水平社会主义市场经济体制、治理体系和治理能力现代化、新质生产力三者之间具有内在的统一性和外在的契合性。

New mechanisms are the source from which new quality productive forces are engendered. New mechanisms open up new tracks and generate new impetus for the development of new quality productive forces. The new subjects on the new tracks are the nascent forces of new quality productive forces and the frontrunners of the fourth industrial revolution. New mechanisms include new resource innovation mechanisms, new income distribution mechanisms, new social mobility mechanisms, and new operational mechanisms. New impetus is the new energy that enables the opening up of new tracks, the source that ensures the smooth flow and sustainable extension of new tracks. New tracks are the priority areas for the concrete implementation of new quality productive forces.

新机制是孕育新质生产力的源头。新机制为新质生产力发展开辟新赛道和酝酿新动力，新赛道上的新主体是新质生产力的新生力量，是第四次产业革命的领跑者。新机制包括新资源创新机制、新收入分配机制、新社会流动机制、新经营机制。新动力是新赛道得以开拓的新能量，是确保新赛道顺利畅通并可持续延展的源泉，新赛道是新质生产力具体实施领域的优先选择范围。

New mechanisms provide the energy for the eruption of new quality productive forces. Resource innovation mechanisms are employed to activate new innovation subjects within the talent pool; new income distribution mechanisms are employed to stimulate multi-level science and technology innovation centers with advantages in scientific and technological innovation to release new kinetic energy; new social mobility mechanisms are employed to incentivize innovation clusters to operate at low cost and achieve high efficiency; new operational mechanisms are employed to discover new scenarios, integrate virtual and real innovation, and construct new digital industry bases. Then, through new subjects acting under the effect of new impetus, more new scenarios are discovered, thereby raising new efficiency. This fully demonstrates that, under the combined action of new mechanisms, new subjects, new energy, and new impetus, new tracks will be opened up, thereby forming an energy field for the development of new quality productive forces.

新机制为新质生产力的爆发提供能量。运用资源创新机制激活人才队伍中的新创新主体，运用新收入分配机制激发具备科技创新优势的多层级科技创新中心释放新动能，运用新社会流动机制激励创新集群低成本运行实现高效率，运用新经营机制发现新场景融合虚拟现实创新构筑数字化产业新基地，再通过新主体在新动力作用下发现更多新场景，从而提高新效率。这充分说明，在新机制、新主体、新能量、新动力共同作用下，就会开辟出新赛道，进而形成新质生产力发展的能量场。

(II) New Fields Create New Space for the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

（二）新场域为新质生产力发展创造新空间

New quality productive forces require new spaces for action. Some of these new spaces for action are new technology application scenarios in existing industries; others are entirely new fields supported by new technologies. On October 29, 2021, Huawei established its first batch of industry "corps," including the Coal Mine Corps, the Customs and Port Corps, the Smart Highway Corps, the Smart Photovoltaic Corps, and the Data Center Energy Corps. [10]10 The term "corps" (军团) here refers to a cross-departmental, mission-oriented organizational unit within a company, modeled on the military concept of a combined-arms formation, designed to integrate R&D, supply chain, marketing, and customer needs for a specific industry vertical. This represents the application of Huawei's communication technology, operating systems, and intelligent control technology in new fields such as the traditional coal industry, the customs and port sector, the highway transportation sector, and the green energy sector. It is a successful example of transforming traditional industries with entirely new technologies and a prominent marker of achieving and completing industrial structure upgrading. These new fields are new carriers for the development of new quality productive forces led by new technologies.

新质生产力要有新的作为空间。这些新的作为空间有的是原有行业的新技术应用场景，有的是新技术支撑的崭新领域。2021年10月29日，华为成立了包括煤矿军团、海关和港口军团、智慧公路军团、智能光伏军团和数据中心能源军团等在内的首批行业“军团”，这是华为的通信技术、操作系统、智能控制技术在传统的煤炭领域、海关与港口领域、公路交通领域、绿色能源领域等的新场域，是全新技术改造传统产业的成功典型，是实现并完成产业结构升级的突出标志，这些新场域是新技术引领的新质生产力发展新载体。

The diffusion of advanced core technologies drives more enterprises to open up new fields. Following the demonstration effect of Huawei's "corps" model, starting in 2022, China's three major telecommunications operators also established their own "corps." [11]11 The "three major telecommunications operators" refer to China Unicom, China Telecom, and China Mobile, the three state-owned telecom giants in China. China Unicom successively established nine major industry "corps," including those for equipment manufacturing, smart steel, garment manufacturing, smart mining, and automobile manufacturing. China Telecom established 12 industrial research institutes, covering health, emergency response, cultural tourism, education, housing construction, and finance. China Mobile successively established "corps" for electric power, smart parks, and smart hospitals. Entering 2023, China Mobile also established "corps" for private cloud, public security, fully connected factories, and the Internet of Vehicles.

先进核心技术扩散过程中带动更多企业开辟新场域。在华为“军团”模式的示范之下，自2022年开始三大电信运营商也纷纷建立了自己的“军团”2个。中国联通先后建立了装备制造、智慧钢铁、服装制造、智慧矿山、汽车制造等九大行业“军团”：中国电信成立了包括卫健、应急、文旅、教育、住建、金融等在内的12个产业研究院；中国移动陆续成立了电力、智慧园区、智慧医院等“军团”。进入2023年，中国移动又成立了私有云、公安、全连接工厂、车联网等“军团”。

New fields are new markets opened up for the development of new quality productive forces by enterprise clusters on high-tech industrial chains through systematic core and key technologies. Taking the semiconductor industry as an example, the internationally competitive scientific and technological R&D achievements of the semiconductor industry are ultimately embodied in chips, and chips are the "brain" of manufacturing. Computer chips, mobile phone chips, smart manufacturing chips, and high-end service chips constitute the key links in the chain structure of the semiconductor industry. The integrated circuit technology for developing chips includes new materials technology, circuit design technology, packaging technology, physical layout technology, process technology, and artificial intelligence technology comprising language model construction technology, visual processing technology, and computing power base technology. The R&D of all these new technologies is not a task that a single enterprise can fully undertake; rather, it requires the integrated R&D, collaborative R&D, and cooperative R&D of technology-related enterprise clusters on the industrial chain to break through the systematic core and key technology blockade imposed by the United States on China.

新场域是高科技产业链上的企业群通过系统性核心关键技术为新质生产力发展开辟的新市场。以半导体产业为例，半导体产业具备国际竞争力的科技研发产品最终体现在芯片上，芯片又是制造业的“大脑”，计算机芯片、手机芯片、智能制造芯片、高端服务芯片构成半导体产业链式结构关键环节，而研制芯片的集成电路技术包括新材料技术、电路设计技术、封装技术、物理布局技术、制程技术、以语言模型建构技术和视觉处理技术以及算力底座技术为组成部分的人工智能技术，所有这些新科技的研发不是一个企业能够完全承担的任务，而是需要产业链上的技术相关企业群集成研发、协同研发、合作研发才能突破美国对中国的系统性关键核心技术封锁。

Leading enterprises with core and key technologies for R&D are the main force in creating new fields in the process of developing new quality productive forces. On August 29, 2023, the full-scale sale of the Huawei Mate 60 Pro signified that the chip technology that had plagued China for many years had opened up a new situation, that the comprehensive US sanctions on China's manufacturing industry had ended in failure, and that China had embarked on a new journey of developing new quality productive forces. Moreover, on the basis of existing 5G chips, Huawei has also developed 5.5G chips. The integrated sensing and communication technology, passive IoT technology, and endogenous intelligent technology possessed by Huawei's 5.5G chips have become advanced high technologies surpassing those of the US semiconductor industry. With the advent of the 5.5G chip, more new application scenarios will inevitably emerge. The new tracks required by new quality productive forces, constituted by the aforementioned new application scenarios, will in turn open up new markets for China's semiconductor industry. This marks the preliminary completion of the industrial upgrading of China's semiconductor industry in the fourth industrial revolution.

具备研发核心关键技术的头部企业是新质生产力发展过程中创造新场域的主力军。2023年8月29日，华为Mate60Pro全面销售，意味着困扰中国多年的芯片技术打开新局面，意味着美国对中国制造业的全面制裁以失败告一段落，意味着中国开启新质生产力发展新征程。不仅如此，在已有5G芯片基础上，华为又研制出了5.5G芯片。华为的5.5G芯片拥有的通感一体技术、无源物联技术、内生智能技术已经成为超过美国半导体行业的先进高科技，必将随着5.5G芯片的问世带来更多新的应用场景，由上述新应用场景构成新质生产力需要的新赛道，这些新赛道再为中国半导体产业开辟新的市场，这标志着我国半导体产业的产业升级在第四次产业革命中初步完成。

(III) World Peace Provides a Favorable Environment for the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

（三）世界和平为新质生产力发展提供良好环境

War is the greatest obstacle to the development of new quality productive forces. Whether it is the Russia-Ukraine conflict or the Hamas-Israel conflict, all these military conflicts are local wars. These local wars undoubtedly not only bring humanitarian disasters to the people caught in the flames of war but also deliver devastating blows to the development of productive forces in countries around the world. The cause of war lies in politics, in the political and military hegemony of the US and the West. Therefore, Lenin pointed out: "From the Marxist point of view, it is necessary to determine the political content of each specific war according to the specific circumstances of each case... Any war is merely the continuation of politics by other means." [12]12 This is a paraphrase of Lenin's well-known thesis on the relationship between war and politics, drawn from his writings on imperialism and the First World War. According to Marxist war theory, war is the continuation of politics; war is another mode of expression of politics. Wars are divided into just wars and unjust wars. People's wars fought for national independence and national liberation are just wars. Just wars are the fundamental method for promoting the liberation of productive forces and the development of productive forces among oppressed nations. The Chinese people's war that defeated the Japanese aggressors and the independence wars of the vast number of Asian, African, and Latin American countries are typical forms of people's wars and are just wars that liberated the productive forces of the Third World. Whether in slave society, feudal society, or capitalist society, unjust wars initiated by capitalism for hegemonic goals are all aimed at destroying the enemy's productive forces to obtain more energy, resources, wealth, space, and elite populations. As Engels pointed out: "As long as there are classes with opposing, conflicting interests and different social statuses, the war between classes will never cease." [13]13 This is a paraphrase of a statement by Engels on the persistence of class struggle. If the First World War and the Second World War highlighted the hegemony of capitalist countries in the form of limited wars, then the military hegemony of the new imperialism manifests as "unlimited war." Since "unlimited war possesses multiple dimensions, including the protraction of the war period, the uncertainty of military objectives, the inappropriateness of the means of war, and the openness of the spatial impact of war," [14]14 This is a direct quotation from a contemporary Chinese scholarly analysis of the characteristics of modern imperialist warfare. unlimited war is a type of war even more destructive to the world's productive forces dominated by contemporary capitalism, a new means of plundering the wealth of the Third World. We support just wars of resistance waged by the oppressed and oppressed nations, oppose all forms of unjust wars, and oppose even more the unlimited wars waged by the new imperialism.

战争是破坏新质生产力发展的最大障碍。无论是俄罗斯乌克兰冲突，还是哈马斯以色列冲突，所有这些军事冲突都是局部战争，而这些局部战争毫无疑问不仅给战火中的人民带来人道主义灾难，还给世界各国生产力发展带来了毁灭性打击，而发生战争的原因在于政治，在于美西方的政治军事霸权。因此，列宁指出：“从马克思主义的观点来看，必须根据每一个具体情况，就每一次具体战争，确定战争的政治内容...任何战争都仅仅是政治的继续。”根据马克思主义战争理论，战争是政治的继续，战争是政治的另一种表现方式。战争分为正义战争和非正义战争。为了民族独立、国家解放的人民战争就是正义战争，正义战争是促进被压迫民族解放生产力和发展生产力的根本方法，中国人民打败日本侵略者的人民战争、广大亚非拉国家的独立战争都是人民战争的典型形式，都是解放第三世界生产力的正义战争。不管是奴隶社会、封建社会还是资本主义社会，出于霸权目标的资本主义挑起的非正义战争都是为了摧毁敌方生产力，从而获得更多的能源、资源、财富、空间和精英人口。正如恩格斯所指出的那样：“只要有利益相互对立、相互冲突和社会地位不同的阶级存在，阶级之间的战争就不会熄灭。”如果说第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战是以有限战争的形式凸显资本主义国家霸权的话，那么，新帝国主义的军事霸权则表现为“无限战争”。由于“无限战争具有战净期限的延绵性、战争军事目的的不确定性、战争手段的不适度性以及战争空间影响的开放性等多重维度”，所以无限战争是对当代资本主义主导的世界生产力更具有破坏力的战争，是掠夺第三世界财富的新手段我们支持被压迫者和被压迫国家进行反抗的正义战争，反对一切形式的非正义战争，更反对新帝国主义实施的无限战争。

Hegemony seriously affects the development of new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces are productive forces led by a new science and technology system and supported by new manufacturing, and are productive forces characterized by digital financial services and intelligent producer services.

霸权主义严重影响新质生产力的发展。新质生产力是以新科技体系为引领的新制造业支撑的生产力，是以数字化金融服务和智能化生产型服务为特征的生产力。

The economic hegemonism and military Keynesianism of the new imperialism seriously affect the development of new quality productive forces in all countries. The new imperialism, through giant transnational monopoly corporations, creates a “new monopoly of production and circulation” on a global scale, and through a “new monopoly of financial capital” creates a “distorted development of economic financialization.” Whether in the sphere of production and circulation, or in the highly internationalized sphere of economic financialization, the monopoly of the new imperialism leads to the obstruction of the spread of new technologies, the lack of smooth international trade in high-tech products, and a severe shortage of capital for high-tech research and development. Therefore, the new imperialism has become a hindering factor that severely restricts the development of new quality productive forces. Moreover, the new imperialism, relying on its hegemonic power, “dominates the world political and economic system through financial exploitation and a system of political-economic dependency, triggering a polarization of world wealth and a global reproduction crisis,”[15]15 Cheng Enfu and Liu Meiping, “A Scholarly Analysis of New Quality Productive Forces and the Path to Their Cultivation,” *Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Edition of Philosophy and Social Sciences)*, 2024, no. 4, p. 1. [This is a self-citation by the authors from the same article.] and the global reproduction crisis has the greatest destructive and lethal power against the development of new quality productive forces.

新帝国主义的经济霸权主义和军事凯恩斯主义严重影响了各国新质生产力的发展，新帝国主义以巨型跨国垄断公司制造了全球范围的“生产和流通的新垄断”，以“金融资本的新垄断”制造了“畸形发展的经济金融化”。无论是生产领域和流通领域，还是国际化程度很高的经济金融化领域，都发生了因新帝国主义的垄断而导致新技术传播受阻、高科技产品国际贸易不畅通以及高科技研发资本严重短缺的现象，所以新帝国主义成为严重制约新质生产力发展的阻碍因素。不仅如此，新帝国主义还依赖其霸权势力“通过金融剥削与政治经济依附体系主导世界政治经济体系，引发世界财富的两极分化与全球的再生产危机”，而全球再生产危机对新质生产力发展具有最大破坏力和杀伤力。

The development of new quality productive forces is an important means of promoting world peace. The development of new quality productive forces promotes world peace through universal intercourse. In the Marxist theory of intercourse, intercourse should not be limited to regional or national boundaries; it should be universal intercourse that breaks through spatial restrictions, an open, inclusive, and just world intercourse. Nor is intercourse limited to spiritual intercourse; it is more a multi-layered intercourse at the level of relations of production and productive forces. “Intercourse and production are mutually presupposing; intercourse is endogenous to production, and production can only proceed within intercourse.”[16]16 *Selected Works of Marx and Engels*, vol. 1, Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2012, p. 147. [This is a standard reference to the Chinese edition of the Marx-Engels collected works.] New quality productive forces are productive forces that can vigorously promote modernization only on the basis of just intercourse; they are productive forces at a higher level of universal human intercourse, productive forces capable of providing resources and pathways for just intercourse. If the productive forces created by past capitalism caused human intercourse to evolve in an unjust direction, then new quality productive forces provide new means for high-quality, just human intercourse for world peace. The reason for this lies in the fact that, under the control of the logic of capital in capitalist countries, they are always accustomed to relying on the first-mover advantages in productive forces accumulated during the industrial revolution, “placing their own national interests above the common interests of other countries and the international community,”[17]17 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind,” *Qiushi*, 2021, no. 1. [This is a reference to a speech by Xi Jinping published in the CPC’s theoretical journal.] and creating various crises for the future and destiny of humanity through unjust intercourse and hegemonic monopoly. New quality productive forces, in contrast, are productive forces based on the great vision of a community with a shared future for mankind, seeking world peace through a just intercourse approach of shared responsibility and shared benefits, and opening up vast new horizons for just intercourse and equal cooperation worldwide.

新质生产力发展是推动世界和平的重要手段。新质生产力发展在普遍交往中推动世界和平。在马克思主义交往理论中，交往不应是局限于区域、国别之内的有限交往，而应该是突破地域空间限制的普遍交往，是开放、包容、正义的世界性交往。交往也不局限于精神交往，更多的是生产关系和生产力层面的多重交往。“交往与生产互为前提，交往内生于生产，生产只有在交往中才能进行。”新质生产力是基于正义交往才能够着力推动现代化建设，新质生产力是更高层次人类普遍交往意义上的生产力，是能够为正义交往提供资源和路径的生产力。如果说以往资本主义创造的生产力使得人类的交往朝着非正义的方向演进，那么，新质生产力则为世界和平提供了高质量人类正义交往的新手段。究其原因在于：在资本主义国家资本逻辑控制下，他们总是习惯于凭借自己在工业革命过程中积累起来的生产力方面先发优势，“将本国利益凌驾于他国利益和国际社会的共同利益之上”，通过非正义交往和强权垄断制造人类前途命运的各种危机。而新质生产力则是基于人类命运共同体伟大构想，以责任共担、利益共享的正义交往思路谋求世界和平，为全世界正义交往和平等合作开拓了广阔新天地的生产力。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

New quality productive forces are the most important pathway for us to build Chinese-path modernization and enhance China’s international competitiveness, and the most important measure for catching up with and surpassing Western developed countries. Therefore, under the comprehensive leadership of the Communist Party of China, we must give full play to the advantages of the socialist relations of production with Chinese characteristics and the basic economic system, firmly grasp the specific connotations, evolutionary laws, and the international situation facing new quality productive forces, make full use of the epochal opportunity of the intelligent industrial revolution, seize the development opportunities brought by the superposition of various economic cycles, support the comprehensive enhancement of new quality productive forces by coordinating new production factors, new technologies, and new industries, and open up development space for new quality productive forces by creating new mechanisms, new fields, and new tracks conducive to their development. In this way, we can seize the strategic initiative in the development of new quality productive forces under the new international situation, and, on the basis of establishing China’s advantages in technological innovation and independent intellectual property rights, effectively promote a leap in the energy level of new quality productive forces!

新质生产力是我们建设中国式现代化和提升中国国际竞争力的最重要途径，是全力赶超西方发达国家的最重要措施。因此，我们要在中国共产党的全面领导下，充分发挥中国特色社会主义生产关系和基本经济制度的优势，牢牢把握新质生产力特定内涵、演变规律和面临的国际形势，充分利用智能产业革命的时代机遇，抓住各种经济周期叠加带来的发展机会，通过统筹新生产要素、新科技、新产业来支撑新质生产力全面提升，通过创造有利于新质生产力发展的新机制、新场域、新赛道，来开辟新质生产力发展空间，从而掌握新国际形势下新质生产力发展的战略主动权，在奠定中国科技创新和自主知识产权优势的基础上，切实推动新质生产力的能级跃迁！

(Author biographies: Cheng Enfu, Director of the Political Economy Research Center of the 21st Century Marxism Research Institute, University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Member of the Academic Division, President of the World Association for Political Economy)

（作者简介：程恩富，中国社会科学院大学21世纪马克思主义研究院政治经济学研究中心主任、学部委员，世界政治经济学学会会长）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心