Historical Nihilism’s Soft Narrative: Endogenous Mechanisms and Coping Strategies

I. The Problem Posed

一、问题的提出

Historical nihilism is a pernicious erroneous trend of thought that uses fabrication, deconstruction, and reconstruction of history as its means, and the nihilation of history as its end. It is not merely a theoretical issue, but also a political one; “if this major political issue is not handled properly, it will produce serious political consequences.” Historical nihilism has a severe obstructive and destructive effect on uniting the Party and the people, consolidating social consensus, enhancing historical confidence, and strengthening political identity. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the need to “clearly oppose and resist historical

历史虚无主义是以虚构、解构、重构历史为手段，以虚无历史为目的的危害极大的错误思潮。它不仅仅是一个理论问题，更是一个政治问题，“这个重大政治问题处理不好，就会产生严重政治后果”。历史虚无主义对汇聚党心民心、凝聚社会共识、增进历史自信、强化政治认同具有严重的阻滞和破坏效应。党的十八大以来，习近平多次强调，要“旗帜鲜明反对和抵制历史虚无主义”。专家学者、主流媒体等对历史虚无主义进行了多重维度的揭露和批判，普遍加深了民众对历史虚无主义的认知和判断。但是，近年来，在现代信息技术的加持下，数字化的生产方式、生活方式、娱乐方式已成为普遍现实，为历史虚无主义新变体、新叙事提供了新的条件和土壤。历史虚无主义的叙事策略和传播方式也呈现出从“硬性”向“软性”、从“显性”到“隐性”的转变倾向。

From grand narrative to micro-level farce. In view of the intensification of criticism and exposure of historical nihilism and the expansion of people’s knowledge of historical nihilism, those with ulterior motives who promote historical nihilism have begun to shift from grand narrative to micro-level farce. First, there is a gradual shift from the distortion and fabrication of grand historical topics to “personalized” narrative performances. In the past, historical nihilists ignorantly denied and questioned the great decision of reform and opening up and its remarkable achievements; they maliciously distorted and smeared Party leaders such as Mao Zedong

从宏大叙事到微观戏说。鉴于对历史虚无主义批判和揭露力度的增强以及人们对历史虚无主义知识面的扩增，别有用心的历史虚无主义者开始从宏大叙事转向微观戏说。一是从宏大历史话题的曲解和虚构逐步转向“个性化”的叙说演绎。过往，历史虚无主义者对改革开放伟大决策及其显著成就等进行无知的否定和质疑；对毛泽东、邓小平等党的领袖进行恶意曲解和抹黑，并通过学术会议、科研论坛等形式散播其观点。现在，历史虚无主义者则通过所谓的“个人回忆”“亲身经历”的个体史、回忆录等戏说党的革命人物，曲解党的奋斗历史，并冠名为“揭秘真相”“解密事实”。二是从对历史主题主线的虚无到对历史琐碎细节的虚构。党的历史上存在多条叙事的主题主线，曲解、质疑党的历史成就和历史结论是历史虚无主义的惯常做法。诸如通过对社会主义革命、社会主义现代化建设、中华民族伟大复兴进行解构、颠覆，否认党的百年历史成就和中国共产党的领导。现今，历史虚无主义者开始以历史牵涉的细节、相关的小事为着力点，由局部到整体、由边缘到中心的渐进式曲解、剪切，进而达到虚无历史的目的。

From historical context-building to embodied performance. With the boost of modern information technology, historical nihilists have shifted from simple historical mockery to using multiple methods to reprocess and recreate history, performing it through their own “talents,” and then spreading and disseminating it via self-media channels such as short videos. First, from abstractly sophistical historical nihilism to intuitively perceptible historical editing. Abstract sophistry is the basic means by which historical nihilists deconstruct history. In the past, historical nihilists used philosophical speculation to process historical facts intellectually, especially citing the statements of so-called Western “experts” for corroboration, thereby reaching sophistical conclusions that violate historical truth. Now, they rely on ubiquitous media narrative channels, processing and combining fragmented historical materials that have been cut and pasted through short videos and the like, and narrating and performing them in a lyrical tone. Second, from “archaeological” history to “newly compiled” history. “Archaeological” history is a means by which historical nihilists process and organize old, ancient unofficial historical materials to nihilize history. Now, they more often nihilize history through novel forms such as “interviews, written conversations, and memoirs,” a method that more readily touches people’s receptive psychology. There are also audiovisual narrative methods such as films, television, and exhibitions, which conceal the motives of historical nihilism.

从历史构境到具身展演。在现代信息技术的助推下，历史虚无主义者开始由单一的历史戏谑转向利用多元方式对历史进行再加工、再创作，并通过自身“才艺”对其进行展演，再利用短视频等自媒体渠道进行扩散、传播。一是从抽象诡辩的历史虚无到直观可感的历史剪裁。抽象诡辩是历史虚无主义者解构历史的基本途径。过往，历史虚无主义者借助哲学思辨的方式，对历史事实进行思维加工，特别引用西方所谓“专家”言论进行印证，进而得出违背历史真相的诡辩结论。现在，他们借助普遍存在的媒介叙事渠道，通过短视频等将剪切、拼贴的碎片化史料进行加工组合，并采用抒情式口吻进行诉说、演绎。二是从“考古”历史到“新编”历史。“考古”历史是历史虚无主义者通过对陈旧、古老的野史材料进行加工整理，进而对历史进行虚无的一种手段。而现在，他们更多通过“访谈、笔谈、回忆录”等新颖的形式虚无历史，这种方式也更能触及人们的接受心理。还有通过电影、电视、展览等视听叙事方式，隐藏历史虚无主义的动机。

Historical nihilism, whether shifting from “explicit” grand narratives to “implicit” microscopic mockery, or from “hard” historical context-building to “soft” embodied performance, universally exhibits a symptom of softened narrative behind the logic of transformation. The evolution of historical nihilism’s soft narrative methods cannot conceal historical nihilism’s erroneous stance of persisting in idealist historical views, nor does it weaken historical nihilism’s harmful purpose of distorting history and disturbing people’s minds. On the contrary, the softened narrative method has, to a certain extent, increased the possibility of people mistakenly believing historical nihilism and added to the difficulty of our identifying historical nihilism. For this reason, it is necessary to deeply explore the multiple forms and internal mechanisms of historical nihilism’s soft narrative.

历史虚无主义，无论是从“显性”的宏大叙事到“隐性”的微观戏说，还是从“硬性”的历史构境到“柔性”的具身展演，转变逻辑背后都普遍性存在着软性化的叙事症候。历史虚无主义软性叙事方式的衍变并不能掩盖历史虚无主义持存唯心史观的错误立场，并没有削弱历史虚无主义曲解历史、扰乱人心的不良目的。相反，软性化的叙事方式在一定程度上增加了人们误信历史虚无主义的可能性，增添了我们识别历史虚无主义的难度。为此，有必要深入探究历史虚无主义软性叙事的多重样态及其内在机理。

II. Multiple Forms of Historical Nihilism’s Soft Narrative

二、历史虚无主义软性叙事的多重样态

In real life, historical nihilism quietly hides within different communication carriers, presenting different narrative forms. Although its appearance has changed, its inherent false essence and harmful motives have not changed, and it has a potentially destructive effect on凝聚社会共识 [coalescing social consensus], 坚定理想信念 [strengthening ideals and convictions], 筑牢思想根基 [building a solid ideological foundation], and 生成历史自信 [generating historical confidence].

现实生活中，历史虚无主义悄然隐匿于不同传播载体之中，呈现出不同的叙事样态。虽然其面貌发生了改变，但其内在的虚假本质和不良动机未发生变化，对凝聚社会共识、坚定理想信念、筑牢思想根基、生成历史自信，具有潜在的破坏作用。

(A) Life-oriented agenda-setting

（一）生活化议题设置

Whether for historical nihilism or for other social trends of thought, agenda-setting is an important means of their external dissemination, diffusion, and infiltration. Historical nihilists “place a certain agenda or topic on the public agenda, establish this salience among the public, making it a focus of public attention, thought, and even possible action,” and through soft narrative techniques, integrate the viewpoints and concepts of historical nihilism into the set agenda, thereby arousing widespread public attention and discussion, and possibly even causing a greater degree of public opinion polarization.

无论是对历史虚无主义来说，还是对其他的社会思潮而言，议题设置都是其对外传播、扩散与渗透的重要途径。历史虚无主义者“将某个议题或者话题置于公众议程，在公众中建立这种显著性，使之成为公众关注、思考甚至可能采取行动的焦点”，并通过软性化的叙事手法将历史虚无主义的观点和理念融入设置的议题之中，以引起公众的普遍关注和讨论，甚至可能会引起更大范围的舆情极化。

Historical nihilism’s life-oriented agenda-setting mainly revolves around the following types of themes: First, life-oriented setting of specific historical issues. Historical issues that are themselves controversial easily trigger people’s discussion and also easily touch people’s psychology of seeking novelty. In specific agenda-setting, modern technological means are used to add some life-oriented stimulating elements to construct a complete historical nihilist narrative agenda. Second, life-oriented setting of historical figures. National heroes and revolutionary martyrs are the backbone of the nation, worthy of remembrance and not to be desecrated. Historical nihilists set life-oriented related agendas, disregarding facts and desecrating heroes. For example, agenda-setting such as “Qiu Shaoyun being burned alive violates physiology” [1]1 Qiu Shaoyun was a Chinese soldier who, during the Korean War (1950–1953), was burned alive by napalm while maintaining a camouflage position to avoid exposing his unit. The “clickbait” topic questions the physiological plausibility of his reported actions. and other “clickbait” and “attention-grabbing” topics aim to gain attention through irrational, contradictory life-oriented discussion topics, while also imperceptibly dissolving the majestic image of national heroes. Third, life-oriented setting of special historical junctures. People have special memories and special feelings for special times. Historical nihilism seizes on people’s embodied psychological characteristics to set agendas at special historical junctures. For instance, on the 87th anniversary of the victory of the Long March [2]2 The Long March (1934–1935) was a strategic retreat by the Chinese Red Army to evade the Nationalist forces of the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek., topics appeared on some media platforms suggesting that the victory of the Long March was deliberately caused by Chiang Kai-shek “letting water through” [3]3 “Letting water through” (放水) is a Chinese colloquialism meaning to deliberately allow an opponent to succeed or to act with leniency., and the relevant details were depicted “vividly and colorfully” and “with reason and evidence.” People easily fall into these life-oriented topics, finding it difficult to distinguish truth from falsehood, imperceptibly dissolving their cognition of real history and eroding historical confidence and cultural confidence.

历史虚无主义生活化的议题设置主要围绕以下几类主题：一是对特定的历史问题进行生活化设置。本身具有争议性的历史问题容易引发人们的讨论，同时也容易触发人们猎奇的社会心理。在具体的议题设置中利用现代化的技术手段添加一些生活化的刺激元素等构造一个完整的历史虚无主义叙事议题。二是对历史人物进行生活化设置。民族英雄、革命先烈是民族的脊梁，值得缅怀，不容亵渎。历史虚无主义者通过设置生活化的相关议题，罔顾事实、亵渎英雄。譬如，“火烧邱少云违背生理学”等“标题党”“博眼球”的议题设置，就是期望通过非理性、矛盾式的生活化讨论议题博取关注，也在无形中消解了民族英雄的伟岸形象。三是对特殊历史节点进行生活化设置。人们对特殊的时间具有特殊的记忆和特殊的感情，历史虚无主义就是切中人们具身化的心理特点，在特殊的时间节点设置议题。如在长征胜利87周年之际，在一些媒体平台出现了长征胜利是蒋介石“放水”故意为之的话题，并对相关细节描绘得“有声有色”“有理有据”。对于这些生活化的议题，人们很容易陷入其中，难辨真伪，无形之中消解对真实历史的认知，侵蚀历史自信和文化自信。

(B) Emotionalized discourse expression

（二）感性化话语表达

Discourse is an important means by which people understand the world and communicate, and it is also an intangible force that strikes the heart and touches the soul. Historical nihilists focus on the dimension of discourse, turning to the expression of emotionalized narrative. Emotionalized discourse is easily accepted by the masses, convenient for concealed infiltration, and can also, to a certain extent, evade the impact and criticism of mainstream ideology.

话语是人们认知世界、交流沟通的重要方式，也是击中人心、触及灵魂的无形力量。历史虚无主义者着力话语向度，转向感性化叙事的表达。感性化话语易于让群众接受，便于隐匿渗透，同时还能在一定程度上躲避主流意识形态的冲击和批判。

First, the artisticization of historical nihilist discourse. Expressing historical nihilism through artistic discourse is one of its soft narrative approaches. It typically conveys historical nihilist views and ideas through literary works and artistic forms, and re-creates them through means such as artistic blank-leaving and aesthetic processing, in order to align with people’s receptive psychology and aesthetic needs. For example, using artistic discourse to beautify Qin Hui [4]4 Qin Hui: A Southern Song dynasty chancellor traditionally blamed for the execution of the general Yue Fei; in Chinese historical memory he is a byword for treachery., whitewashing his persona and exonerating him from his crimes. Second, the popularization of historical nihilist discourse. Discourse expressions related to people’s daily lives are more likely to arouse their interest and are easier to spread in their lives. Historical nihilism uses everyday discourse methods to deconstruct and distort history. This discourse method “integrates the analysis and evaluation of history into daily life, using people’s cognitive habits and daily life experiences to question historical figures and orthodox historical facts.” People have a natural affinity and receptivity to discourse expressions in daily life, and can even influence others to accept and promote secondary dissemination. Third, the networking of historical nihilist discourse. Networked discourse has become a customary mode of expression for young people, and has also become a breakthrough point for the soft narrative of historical nihilism. The younger generation are “natives” of the internet, while their understanding of knowledge and awareness of ideological trends are still not deep, which provides an opportunity for historical nihilism. It uses “internet slang” to package historical nihilist discourse and disseminates it through various online communication channels. In cyberspace, some young people tirelessly spread and diffuse it, imperceptibly infiltrating historical nihilism into the youth group. Fourth, the flexibilization of historical nihilist discourse. Flexible discourse expression refers to articulating historical nihilism in a veiled, indirect, and subtle manner, “speaking of the inside while meaning lies outside.” This discourse expression is covert and suggestive, better satisfying people’s curiosity for the novel. It conceals historical nihilism beyond the literal words, leaving room for imagination and clues to “guide the recipient to ‘spontaneously’ form the implied meaning of nihilistic history when interpreting the semantic meaning of the literal information.”

其一，历史虚无主义话语艺术化。将历史虚无主义以艺术化的话语表达出来，是其软性化叙事途径之一。通常它们会通过文学作品、文艺形式表达承载历史虚无主义的观点和理念，并通过艺术留白、美学加工等形式对其进行再创造，来契合人们的接受心理、审美需求。比如，利用艺术化的话语对秦桧进行美化，为其人设洗白、对其罪名开脱。其二，历史虚无主义话语大众化。与人们日常生活相关的话语表达更能够引起人们的兴趣，也更易于在人们生活中传播。历史虚无主义利用生活化的话语方式解构历史、曲解历史。这种话语方式“把对历史的分析和评价融入日常生活中，利用人们的认知习惯和日常生活体验来质疑历史人物和正统史实”。人们对于日常生活中的话语表达具有天然的亲和性和可接受性，甚至能感染其他人接受并推动二次传播。其三，历史虚无主义话语网络化。网络化话语已成为青少年习惯性的表达方式，也成为历史虚无主义软性化叙事着力的突破口。青少年一代是网络的“原住民”，同时对知识的认知，对思潮的认识程度还不高，这就为历史虚无主义提供了可乘之机。利用“网言网语”对历史虚无主义进行话语包装，并通过多种网络交流渠道进行传播。在网络空间中，部分青年乐此不疲的对其进行传播和扩散，也无形之中将历史虚无主义渗透到了青年群体之中。其四，历史虚无主义话语柔性化。柔性化的话语表达就是指将历史虚无主义言说得若隐若现、委婉通幽，“言其内而意在外”。这种话语表达具有隐匿性、诱导性，更能满足人们猎奇的心理需求。他们将历史虚无主义隐匿于话语字面之外，并留出遐想空间和线索“引导接受主体在解读字面信息的语意时‘自发’形成虚无历史的言外之意”。

(III) Covert Image Infiltration

（三）隐性化图像渗透

Images are an effective method of soft narrative and an important carrier for historical nihilism to attach itself to. The current era is a “picture-reading era”; the visual impact of images has seized the original appeal of textual expression, better adapting to the pace of modern society and more capable of meeting people’s modern cultural needs. As the living space for historical nihilism to spread through traditional textual methods is increasingly squeezed, it has begun to seek new paths with images as the attachment body.

图像是软性化叙事的有效方式，也是历史虚无主义附着的重要载体。当今时代是一个“读图时代”，图像的视觉冲击力抢占了文字言说的原初吸引力，更适应于现代社会的节奏，也更能满足人们现代性的文化需求。历史虚无主义按照以往文字言说方式进行传播的生存空间日益被挤压，开始寻求图像为附着体的新路径。

Historical nihilism conceals itself within images, achieving value output and infiltration in the process of people’s “picture-reading” and “picture-battling” consumption. Image metaphor has certain narrative advantages. Regarding the metaphorical space for historical nihilism contained in images: on the one hand, images expand the imaginative space of historical nihilism. Compared with the one-dimensional linear transmission path of written text, image narrative possesses a three-dimensional imaginative space. “Historical nihilism precisely uses this narrative structure to deliberately leave blanks for information recipients; the implication ‘you know what I mean’ is a manifestation of the spatial narrative structure of images.” On the other hand, images expand the depictive space of historical nihilism. Images can be continuously collaged and combined, and the threshold and cost of image production are low. This allows for the derivation of various image spectacles carrying historical nihilism. Regarding how historical nihilism meets the visual needs of the audience: “a picture is worth a thousand words” is a true depiction of people’s visual demands. Images can both carry the metaphorical purpose of historical nihilism and satisfy people’s visual needs and emotional needs. Images easily cater to people’s visual needs, achieving their intended purpose through visual consumption. “Because they act on emotions through images, they have already and will continue to exert a profound influence on systems of expression and value.” The covert image infiltration of historical nihilism generally fabricates and arranges history through techniques such as collage, linking, and cropping. One method is to reprocess images of national heroes and revolutionary figures, vilifying, mocking, and ridiculing historical figures. For example, turning Lu Xun’s portrait into a mischievous emoji pack and spreading it widely online, which over time erodes Lu Xun’s image in people’s minds. Another method is to crop, piece together, and combine images of historical details to form new “fake photographs,” aiming to confuse the public and nihilize history. For instance, cropping images of revolutionary leaders’ daily recipes and menus, attaching textual clues about improper conduct, in an attempt to defame the leaders’ image.

历史虚无主义将自身隐匿于图像之中，在人们“读图”“斗图”的消费过程中实现价值输出和渗透。图像隐喻具有一定的叙事优势。就图像蕴含的历史虚无主义隐喻空间而言，一方面，图像拓展了历史虚无主义想象空间，相比文字书写的单向度线性传播路径，图像叙事具备了立体式的想象空间。“历史虚无主义正是利用这样的叙事结构故意给信息接收者留白，‘你懂得’寓意就是图像化空间叙事结构的展现。”另一方面，图像拓展了历史虚无主义刻画空间，图像可以实现不断的拼贴组合，且图像制作的门槛和成本较低。这样就可以衍生出各种承载历史虚无主义的图像景观。就历史虚无主义切中受众的视觉需求而言，“一图胜千言”是民众对视觉需求的真实描绘。图像既能够承载历史虚无主义的隐喻目的，也能够满足人们的视觉需求和情感需要。图像易于切中人们的视觉需求，在视觉消费中达成既有目的。“由于它们通过图像作用于情感，从而已经并将继续对表述与价值系统施加深远影响。”历史虚无主义隐性化图像渗透一般通过拼贴、勾连、剪切等手法虚构历史、编排历史。一种是对民族英雄和革命人物的图像进行再加工，丑化、调侃、戏谑历史人物。比如，把鲁迅的肖像制作成恶搞形态的表情包，在网络内大肆扩散，久而久之会消解鲁迅在人们心中的形象。一种是对历史细节的图片进行剪切、拼凑、组合，形成新的“虚假照片”，以期达到混淆视听，虚无历史的目的。例如，把革命领袖日常的食谱、菜单等图像进行剪切，附带作风不正的文字线索，试图诋毁领袖形象。

(IV) Immersive Audio-Visual Embedding

（四）沉浸式影音嵌入

Audio-visual narrative is a method for historical nihilism to spread and infiltrate externally with the support of modern information technology, and audio-visual embedding constitutes an important pathway for its soft narrative. Compared with images, audio-visual media have a stronger audio-visual impact. The audio-visual narrative of historical nihilism can achieve an immersive effect, realizing its soft infiltration while the audience enjoys the “audio-visual” presence experience.

影音叙事是历史虚无主义在现代信息技术加持下对外传播和渗透的一种方式，影音嵌入构成了其软性化叙事的重要途径。相比于图像，影音具有更为强烈的视听冲击力。历史虚无主义影音叙事能够达到沉浸式效果，在受众享受“视听”在场体验中实现自身的软性渗透。

The audio-visual embedding of historical nihilism generally embeds its own ideas and viewpoints into audio-visual culture such as films, TV series, short videos, music, and drama, achieving the intended purpose of being hidden yet manifest during people’s consumption of these products. First, embedding historical nihilism through films and TV series. Movies and TV dramas are necessities for people’s daily entertainment consumption. Historical nihilism targets the huge audience market of films and TV series, thus seeking ways to integrate itself into them. For example, some anti-Japanese war dramas based on historical material, in order to cater to people’s audio-visual needs, use farcical artistic techniques to deconstruct history, resulting in many “shocking” and “absurd anti-Japanese war dramas” that seriously deviate from historical facts. Second, embedding historical nihilism through short videos. With technological iterations and updates, short video platforms such as Douyin, Kuaishou, and Bilibili have become important media for people’s daily entertainment. An increasingly broad group of people become consumers of short videos, and also producers of short videos. Coupled with the low production cost and technical requirements of short videos, historical nihilism is easily embedded within them. At the same time, once audiences consume works related to historical nihilism, under the precise push of intelligent algorithms, they can fall into an “information cocoon.” Third, embedding historical nihilism through music and drama. Music and drama are also forms of audio-visual culture, favored and loved by different groups. “Others” adapt historical nihilist values into music and drama through certain forms of revision, also achieving the soft infiltration of historical nihilism in a subtle and imperceptible manner. In addition, games are also a target favored by historical nihilism. Many games today have main storylines adapted from specific histories, but within the games, the personas of historical figures and the direction of the story are arbitrarily distorted and subverted. For example, in the once-popular mobile game Honor of Kings, historical figures like Jing Ke, Han Xin, and Liu Bang are completely different from their real historical counterparts. Young people, while immersed in playing the game, gradually form erroneous historical perceptions.

历史虚无主义的影音嵌入一般是通过影视剧、短视频、音乐、戏剧等视听文化将自身理念和观点嵌入其中，在人们对其消费过程中达致隐而不显的预期目的。其一，通过影视剧嵌入历史虚无主义。电影和电视剧是人们日常娱乐消费的必需品，历史虚无主义就是看中了影视剧的巨大受众市场，故想方设法将自身融入其中。譬如，一些历史素材的抗日剧，为迎合人们的视听需求，利用戏谑的艺术手法解构历史，结果就出现很多“雷人”的“抗日神剧”，严重偏离历史史实。其二，通过短视频嵌入历史虚无主义。随着技术的迭代更新，抖音、快手、B站等短视频平台成为人们生活娱乐的重要媒介。愈加广泛的群体成为短视频的消费者，同时也是短视频的生产者。加之短视频的生产成本和技术要求较低，历史虚无主义易于嵌入其中。同时，受众一旦消费历史虚无主义相关的作品，在智能算法的精准推送下会陷入“信息茧房”之中。其三，通过音乐、戏剧嵌入历史虚无主义。音乐、戏剧也是视听文化的一种，深受不同群体的青睐和喜爱。“他者”通过一定形式的改编将历史虚无主义的价值理念融入音乐、戏剧之中，也能在潜移默化中实现历史虚无主义的软性渗透。除此之外，游戏也是历史虚无主义青睐的对象。现在很多游戏的故事主线是根据特定历史改编而成的，但在游戏里面历史人物的人设、故事的走向被随意曲解、颠覆。譬如，风靡一时的手游王者荣耀里面的荆轲、韩信、刘邦等历史人物和真实的历史人物完全不同，青少年在沉浸式玩游戏过程中逐渐形成错误的历史认知。

III. The Endogenous Mechanisms of the Soft Narrative of Historical Nihilism

三、历史虚无主义软性叙事的内生机制

As the intensity of criticism against historical nihilism has strengthened and the scope of criticism has expanded, people’s awareness of historical nihilism and the harm it causes has gradually increased. The space for “overt” historical nihilism to exist has been continuously squeezed, leaving it with nowhere to hide, like “a rat crossing the street.” [5]5 A Chinese idiom meaning something universally detested, like a rat crossing the street that everyone tries to beat. However, historical nihilism has disguised itself, changed its facade, and seized the阵地 [6]6 A key term in Chinese Marxist discourse, literally “position” or “battlefield,” referring to the ideological or cultural sphere where struggles over influence take place. of mainstream ideology through soft narrative methods and covert means. In terms of surface facts, historical nihilism uses soft communication media to enhance its own appeal, hiding within them to attract sufficient attention. Next, it increases its exposure through consumption, experience, and other means, continuously interpellating [7]7 A concept from French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, referring to the process by which ideology “hails” or “calls out to” individuals, constituting them as subjects who recognize themselves in that ideology. the target audience and deepening their false understanding of historical nihilism. Finally, through long-term, repeated contact and cognition, the target audience gradually undergoes changes in emotion and attitude, leading to the alienation of their values and historical outlook, thereby achieving the goal of identification with historical nihilism. In terms of deep-seated mechanisms, the soft narrative of historical nihilism follows the generative mechanism of “concealment—attraction,” “consumption—affect,” and “interpellation—alienation,” subtly achieving the penetration of erroneous value concepts.

随着对历史虚无主义批判力度的强化、批判范围的拓展，人们对历史虚无主义以及所造成危害的认知也逐渐提高，“显性”历史虚无主义存在空间不断被挤压，如“过街老鼠”无所遁形。但是，历史虚无主义乔装打扮、更换门庭，通过软性化的叙事方式和隐性方法抢占主流意识形态的阵地。就表面事实而言，历史虚无主义利用软性化的传播介质提升自身的吸引力，将其隐藏其中引起足够的关注度；紧接着通过消费、体验等方式增加历史虚无主义的曝光，对受众群体进行不断询唤，持续加深对历史虚无主义的虚假认识；最后，随着长期、反复的接触和认知，受众群体在情感、态度上会逐渐发生变化，进而导致价值观、历史观异化，也就达到了历史虚无主义认同的目的。就深层次的机理而言，历史虚无主义软性叙事依循“潜隐—吸引”“消费—触动”“询唤—异化”的生发机制，潜移默化地实现着错误价值理念的渗透。

(I) The “Concealment—Attraction” Mechanism

（一）“潜隐—吸引”机制

Historical nihilism hides itself within soft narrative media, disguising itself and borrowing the momentum of external narrative media to enhance its own appeal. In this process, the soft narrative media that historical nihilism seeks have two distinct characteristics: first, they are easy to attach to, meaning historical nihilism can integrate itself into and adhere to them; second, they are attractive, meaning the soft narrative media themselves must be able to attract mass consumption (whether media that can be seen, heard, or felt). Compared to the “hard” dissemination of historical nihilism, the soft narrative of historical nihilism is more covert and better at catering to people’s modern perceptual needs. First, regarding the distinct characteristic of easy attachment, this is of course an important condition for historical nihilism to find a carrier for its own value system. In the past, historical nihilism generally spread and penetrated through textual discourse, print media, and the like. However, many of its previous forms and patterns have become widely known to the public, leaving little room for survival. For this reason, historical nihilism has begun to touch upon narrative media such as images, music, and film and television, hoping to attach to and hide within them. Second, regarding the characteristic of attractiveness, this is the core link of the soft narrative of historical nihilism. The ability of historical nihilism to attach to media is the prerequisite; enhancing attention and appeal is the key. Soft narrative forms such as agenda-setting, image metaphors, and film and television penetration, which are “audible,” “visible,” and “discussable,” enhance the appeal of historical nihilism and increase its exposure rate. “Attention itself is wealth.” The same applies to the soft narrative of historical nihilism; having appeal means having potential recipients. Compared to abstract, speculative textual symbols, interesting audio-visual experiences can better meet people’s modern needs. In the fast-paced process of modernization, people generally prefer to accept interesting, intuitive things; this is a symptom of modernity that accompanies the development of modernization.

历史虚无主义将自身隐藏在软性化的叙事介质之中，乔装打扮，借外在叙事介质之势增强自身的吸引力。在这个过程中，历史虚无主义找寻的软性化叙事介质具有两个鲜明特征：一是容易附着，也就是说历史虚无主义能够将自身融入其中、附着其上；二是具有吸引力，是指这个软性化的叙事介质本身要能够吸引大众消费（无论是可看、可听抑或是可感的介质）。相比历史虚无主义“硬性”传播，历史虚无主义软性叙事更加隐蔽，也更懂得迎合人们现代性的感性需求。其一，就容易附着的鲜明特征而言，当然这也是历史虚无主义找寻承载自身价值体系的一个重要条件。过往，历史虚无主义一般通过文字言说、纸质媒介等方式进行扩散和渗透。但是以往的形式、样态很多已经被大众熟知，很难有存活的空间。为此，历史虚无主义开始触及图像、音乐、影视叙事介质，以期能够附着其上、隐藏其中。其二，就吸引力的特征而言，这是历史虚无主义软性叙事的核心环节。历史虚无主义能够附着其上是前提，提升注意力、吸引力是关键。软性化的议题设置、图像隐喻、影视渗透等“可听”“可看”“可讨论”的叙事形式提升了历史虚无主义的吸引力，增加了历史虚无主义的曝光率。“注意力本身就是财富”，对于历史虚无主义软性叙事也是一样，有了吸引力就意味着有了潜在的接受对象。相比起抽象思辨的文字符号，有趣的视听体验更能够满足人们的现代化需求。在快节奏的现代化进程中，人们普遍乐意接受有趣、直观的事物，这是伴随现代化发展呈现出的现代性症候。

(II) The “Consumption—Affect” Mechanism

（二）“消费—触动”机制

After the operation of “concealment—attraction,” the soft narrative of historical nihilism uses its packaged and modified image to increase its “appearance rate” and “exposure,” allowing potential target audiences to consume it, thereby affecting the recipients’ psychology and engaging their emotional investment. Historical nihilism integrates itself into “tangible” symbolic systems, using sensory stimulation to cater to people’s audio-visual experiences, thereby touching upon their deep-seated receptive psychology. Receptive psychology holds that people’s cognition of things requires a process from reception to acceptance, which is not achieved overnight. The soft narrative of historical nihilism attaches distorted historical views, subverted historical cognition, and absurd historical concepts to popular, visual, pictorial, and flexible carriers. Through people’s daily consumption of and contact with these carriers, it realizes the psychological transformation from “reception” to “acceptance.” In the operational mechanism of “consumption—affect,” “consumption” plays a key role. “Consumption” not only refers to inducing the audience to purchase goods that conceal historical nihilism but, more importantly, to providing the audience with free, interesting items, topics, and even scenarios. For example, illustrations in books, stories and scenes in films and TV dramas, and so on. Historical nihilism goes to great lengths to artistically package and literarily embellish these, even creating different situations and manufacturing on-site experiences to satisfy people’s curiosity and desire for fun, inducing the audience to consume them. For instance, the currently popular “script murder” [8]8 A live-action role-playing game where participants assume character roles and solve a fictional murder mystery, popular in China. games can potentially integrate the concepts of historical nihilism into them, causing people to “accept” the false consciousness they carry in an immersive experience. In the soft narrative of historical nihilism, “affecting” the audience’s psychology and emotions is a crucial link. According to the progressive shaping sequence of value concepts—“psychology—emotion—values”—psychological affect and emotional stimulation accelerate the formation of certain value concepts. The soft narrative of historical nihilism generally requires a psychological process of accidental attention—strong attraction—unconscious consumption—emotional involvement. Whether based on psychological identification or emotional resonance, once the recipient’s receptive psychology is affected, it can potentially change a person’s values and historical outlook.

在经过“潜隐—吸引”运作之后，历史虚无主义软性叙事借助包装修饰之后的形象增加“出镜率”“曝光度”，让潜在的受众群体对其进行消费，进而触动受众者的接受心理、牵动受众者的情感投入。历史虚无主义将自身融入“有形”的系统符号之中，凭借在感官上的刺激效用切合人们的视听体验，进而触及人们深层次的接受心理。接受心理学认为，人们对于事物的认知需要一个接收到接受的过程，并非一蹴而就。历史虚无主义软性化叙事就是将扭曲的历史观点、颠覆的历史认知、荒谬的历史理念附着于人们喜闻乐见的视觉化、图像化、柔性化的载体之中，在人们对其日常的消费和接触中，实现“接收”到“接受”的心理转变。历史虚无主义在“消费—触动”的运行机理中，“消费”扮演着关键角色。“消费”不仅仅是指诱导受众购买隐藏历史虚无主义的商品，更多的是为受众者提供免费的、有趣的物品、话题甚至场景。比如，书籍中的插画、影视剧里的故事和场景等。历史虚无主义极尽所能对其进行艺术包装、文学修饰甚至创设不同情境、制造在场体验来满足人们的猎奇心理、好玩欲望，诱导受众对其消费。比如，现在流行的剧本杀，可以潜在地将历史虚无主义的理念融入其中，并使人们在沉浸式体验中“接受”所承载的虚假意识。在历史虚无主义软性叙事中“触动”受众心理和情感是重要环节。按照价值理念“心理—情感—价值观”渐进塑形的发生次序，心理触动和情感刺激会加速某种价值观念的形成。历史虚无主义软性叙事一般需要经过偶然注意—强烈吸引—无意识消费—情感卷入的心理历程。无论是基于心理认同，还是情感共鸣，一旦触动受众者的接受心理，就有可能改变一个人的价值观和历史观。

(III) The “Interpellation—Alienation” Mechanism

（三）“询唤—异化”机制

Borrowing Althusser’s concept of “interpellation,” by which individuals are constituted as subjects, the “interpellation” of historical nihilism is an important link in achieving its reception and identification. Through the repeated process of “concealment—attraction—consumption—affect,” historical nihilism prompts the recipient to accept and identify with this value concept, until they are alienated into a historical nihilist (subject). The process of interpellation is a cyclical and repetitive one, and also a process from “spontaneity” to “consciousness.” The recipient (individual), through continuous interpellation, unconsciously becomes an “ideological animal” and begins to “consciously” influence others. “Consciousness” is the logical endpoint of the soft narrative of historical nihilism and also the logical starting point of a new round of “interpellation.” People’s “spontaneous” behavior towards historical nihilism is unconscious behavior characterized by blindness and lack of foresight, often occurring under external sensory stimulation; this is also caused by the endogenous mechanism of “concealment—attraction.” As Lenin said, “‘Spontaneous elements’ essentially represent nothing more than the rudimentary form of the conscious.” [9]9 A quotation from V.I. Lenin’s 1902 work *What Is To Be Done?*, where he argues that spontaneous working-class consciousness can only produce trade-union consciousness, not revolutionary socialist consciousness. Sensory impact can, to a certain extent, trigger people’s “spontaneous” behavior towards historical nihilism. People’s “conscious” behavior towards historical nihilism is a planned, purposeful, and habitual behavior based on emotional identification. The fundamental purpose of the soft narrative is the reception and identification of the values and historical outlook of historical nihilism, that is, the process of “alienation.” Whether historical nihilism is “hard,” “direct,” or “soft,” its aim is to negate historical facts, dissolve mainstream values, sever the flesh-and-blood connection between the Party and the people, and ultimately lead to the alienation of people’s values and historical outlook. For example, some people vividly portray the “Five Heroes of Langya Mountain” [10]10 Five Chinese soldiers who, during the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937–1945), fought to the death on Langya Mountain in Hebei Province to cover the retreat of their comrades and local civilians. They are celebrated as martyrs in official PRC historiography. as “straggling bandits”; artistically depict Wang Jingwei [11]11 A prominent Chinese political figure (1883–1944) who initially collaborated with the Kuomintang but later defected to the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, heading a Japanese puppet regime in Nanjing. He is officially condemned as a traitor. as a “poet” and “handsome man”; portray the national hero Ding Ruchang [12]12 A Chinese naval commander (1836–1895) during the First Sino-Japanese War who commanded the Beiyang Fleet. He was posthumously accused of surrender by some Qing officials, but modern scholarship and official PRC history regard him as a martyr who committed suicide rather than surrender. as a capitulationist, and through soft narrative techniques, endow these with story and entertainment value. Through continuous “interpellation,” the recipient’s historical outlook and values gradually become “alienated.”

借用阿尔都塞使个体成为主体的“询唤”概念，历史虚无主义的“询唤”是实现其接受和认同的重要环节。历史虚无主义通过“潜隐—吸引—消费—触动”不断反复的过程，促使受众者接受并认同这种价值理念，直至异化为历史虚无主义者（主体）。询唤的过程是一个循环反复的过程，也是一个从“自发”到“自觉”的过程，受众者（个体）也在不断询唤中，无意识中成了“意识形态的动物”，开始“自觉”地去影响其他人。“自觉”则是历史虚无主义软性叙事的逻辑终点，也是新一轮“询唤”的逻辑起点。人们对历史虚无主义“自发”的行为是具有盲目性、无预见性的无意识行为，往往是在外在感官刺激下发生的，这也是“潜隐—吸引”内生机理导致的。正如列宁所言，“‘自发因素’实质上无非是自觉性的萌芽状态”。感官冲击在一定程度上会引发人们对历史虚无主义的“自发”行为。人们对历史虚无主义“自觉”的行为是在情感认同基础之上，做出有计划有目的的习惯性行为。软性叙事的根本目的在于历史虚无主义价值观和历史观的接受和认同，也就是“异化”的过程。历史虚无主义无论是“硬性”的、“直观”的，还是“软性”的，它都是为了否定历史事实、消解主流价值、割裂党和人民的血肉联系，最终引致人们价值观和历史观的异化。例如，有人把“狼牙山五壮士”绘声绘色地刻画成“散兵流寇”；将汪精卫艺术化为“诗词家”“美男子”；将民族英雄丁汝昌绘画成投降派，并通过软性化的叙事手法赋予其故事性、娱乐性，经过不断地“询唤”，受众者的历史观和价值观会逐渐“异化”。

IV. Countermeasures Against the Soft Narrative of Historical Nihilism

四、历史虚无主义软性叙事的应对策略

Historical nihilism is always seeking space for development that “penetrates people’s hearts,” and soft narrative carriers have become a covert channel for its external dissemination and penetration. If the mainstream ideology does not occupy the ideological阵地, other erroneous social trends of thought will. To counter the soft narrative of historical nihilism, effective identification is the prerequisite, and simultaneously breaking down the old and establishing the new is the key.

历史虚无主义总是在寻求“深入人心”的发展空间，软性化的叙事载体成为其对外传播和渗透的隐匿途径。思想阵地主流意识形态不去占领，其他错误社会思潮就会去占领。应对历史虚无主义软性叙事，有效识别是前提，破立并举是关键。

(I) Effective Identification: Strengthening the Identification and Assessment of the Soft Narrative of Historical Nihilism

（一）有效识别：强化对历史虚无主义软性叙事的辨识和研判

The soft penetration and dissemination of historical nihilism possess characteristics of concealment, deception, and inducement; therefore, effective identification and assessment of the soft narrative of historical nihilism is a fundamental prerequisite. People’s cognitive awareness of the basic routines of “hard” historical nihilism has significantly improved. However, with the shift toward the soft narrative of historical nihilism, it is necessary to strengthen the identification and assessment of its derivative methods and media forms.

历史虚无主义软性渗透和传播具有隐匿性、迷惑性、诱导性，所以对历史虚无主义软性叙事的有效识别和研判是基本前提。人们对于“硬性”历史虚无主义基本套路的认知显著提升，但随着历史虚无主义软性叙事的转向，要强化对其衍生手法和介质样态的识别和研判。

The soft narrative of historical nihilism favors the media of communication in people’s daily lives, is adept at addressing the emotional needs of its audience, attaches itself to these media, and thereby subtly penetrates and disseminates outward. In essence, whether historical nihilism expresses itself directly or through a softened narrative, its fundamental purpose lies in undermining the Party’s foundation of leadership, dissolving social consensus, and weakening the forces of democratic unity, with the manipulation of capitalist forces behind it. We must have a clear cognition and understanding of the essence and harm of historical nihilism and its derivative forms. Specifically, it is necessary to strengthen the assessment of the basic patterns of the soft narrative of historical nihilism. First, topic review. Regardless of the channel through which topics are released, they must undergo professional review. This requires that major online platforms, especially information exchange platforms such as Weibo, WeChat, and Douyin, set up review checkpoints to block the covert spread of historical nihilism at the source of the topic as much as possible. Second, discourse assessment. The discourse of the softened historical nihilism is highly concealed, making identification significantly more difficult. It is necessary to become familiar with the characteristics of the transformation of historical nihilist discourse, grasp the patterns of its discourse narrative, and pay particular attention to artistic discourse, life discourse, and online discourse, cultivating a “discerning eye” [13]13 “Discerning eye” (火眼金睛) is a four-character idiom originating from the classical novel *Journey to the West*, referring to the ability to see through disguises and identify evil. for accurately identifying its discursive expressions. Third, image recognition. “Image revelry” [14]14 “Image revelry” (图像狂欢) is a term used in Chinese media studies to describe the overwhelming and often uncritical consumption of images in the digital age. is common in the “era of reading images.” While consuming and enjoying the pleasure brought by images, people must also be able to recognize and judge the “good and evil” of images. Both the production and consumption of images require attention to standards and limits, especially regarding the use and creation of portraits of historical figures, which must be scientifically judged and accurately employed. One: do not produce images that imply historical nihilism; two: do not forward images that may spread historical nihilism. Fourth, audio-visual supervision. While the supervision of audio-visual culture such as films, television dramas, music, and theater is becoming increasingly strict, the possibility of historical nihilism embedding itself still exists. The review and supervision of films introduced from abroad, in particular, must be further strengthened. The lyrics of music and the content of theatrical works must be strictly vetted. The development and production of some games also require historical verification and inspection of their plot content and character settings to ensure they conform to historical facts.

历史虚无主义软性叙事青睐于人们日常生活中传播介质，善于切中受众的感性需求，将其附着于这些介质之上，进而潜移默化地对外渗透和传播。就其本质而言，历史虚无主义无论是直抒胸臆的表达，还是软性化的叙事，其根本目的都在于破坏党的领导根基、消解社会共识、削弱民主团结力量，背后还存在资本主义力量的操纵。我们要对历史虚无主义及其衍生形态的本质和危害有清晰的认知和了解。具体而言，就是要对历史虚无主义软性叙事的基本样态强化研判。其一，议题审查。无论是通过什么渠道发布的议题，都要经过专业的审查。这就要求各大网络平台，特别是微博、微信、抖音等信息交流平台要设置审查关卡，尽量在议题的源头上阻滞历史虚无主义的隐性传播。其二，话语研判。历史虚无主义软性化的话语隐匿性强，在识别难度上明显增加。要熟悉历史虚无主义话语转化的特点，把握其话语叙事的规律，特别要重点关注艺术话语、生活话语和网络话语，修炼精准识别其话语表达的“火眼金睛”。其三，图像识别。“图像狂欢”在“读图时代”屡见不鲜。人们在消费和享受图像带来的欢愉时，也要能够识别和判断图像的“善与恶”。对于图像的生产和消费都要注意尺度和限度，特别是对于历史人物的肖像使用和制作要有科学判断、准确使用。一是不制作隐喻历史虚无主义的图像；二是不转发可能扩散历史虚无主义的图像。其四，影音监管。现在对于电影、电视剧、音乐及戏剧等视听文化的监管越来越严格，但是依然存在历史虚无主义嵌入的可能。特别对一些国外引进电影的审核与监管要进一步加强。对音乐的歌词，戏剧的内容要严格把关。一些游戏的开发和制作也要对其剧情内容以及人物设定进行历史勘定、监察，确保符合历史事实。

(2) Rational Critique: Targeted Refutation and Falsification of the Soft Narrative of Historical Nihilism

（二）理性批判：有针对性批揭和证伪历史虚无主义软性叙事

On the basis of effectively identifying the soft narrative of historical nihilism, it is necessary to engage in profound refutation and criticism, exposing its inner essence and false appearance. “Breaking and establishing simultaneously” [15]15 “Breaking and establishing simultaneously” (破立并举) is a common phrase in Chinese political discourse, meaning to simultaneously criticize erroneous ideas and construct correct ones. is an effective way to do ideological work well and is also a key measure in responding to the soft narrative of historical nihilism. “Breaking” means strengthening the criticism and refutation of historical nihilism itself and intensifying the exposure and falsification of the softened and disguised historical nihilism.

在有效识别历史虚无主义软性叙事的基础之上，要对其进行深刻的驳斥和批判，揭露其内在实质和虚假面相。“破立并举”是做好意识形态工作的有效途径，也是应对历史虚无主义软性叙事的关键之举。“破”就是要加强对历史虚无主义本身的批判和驳斥，加强对软性化伪装的历史虚无主义揭露和证伪。

First, it is necessary to “break” the inner essence of the soft narrative of historical nihilism. The soft narrative of historical nihilism uses softened media to achieve the goal of nihilizing history; in essence, it still belongs to erroneous social trends of thought. Historical nihilism fundamentally violates the laws of historical development, distorts historical facts and truth, denies historical materialism, and attempts to “restore” history and “re-evaluate” history through partial, trivial, and individual historical fragments. The so-called “breaking” means breaking its essence, breaking its roots, and exposing and criticizing the “root” of historical nihilism through the softened fog, allowing its ugly and false face to be exposed in the sunlight. Second, it is necessary to “break” the metaphorical mechanism of the soft narrative of historical nihilism. The soft narrative of historical nihilism precisely addresses people’s emotional psychological needs, is adept at discerning people’s ideological trends and emotional changes, and subtly integrates the views and concepts of historical nihilism into softened narrative media, imperceptibly achieving the covert penetration and dissemination of historical nihilism. The general metaphorical mechanism of the soft narrative of historical nihilism follows the endogenous logic of “sensory impact—psychological触动—emotional assimilation” [16]16 “Sensory impact—psychological触动—emotional assimilation” (感官冲击—心理触动—情感同化) is the author’s own formulation of the mechanism of soft narrative influence., thereby gradually achieving its established goals. Therefore, we must discern and clarify the metaphorical mechanism and occurrence mechanism of the soft narrative of historical nihilism, effectively identify its false disguise, and promptly escape the trap it weaves. Third, it is necessary to “break” typical cases of the soft narrative of historical nihilism. In addition to exposing and criticizing the essence and mechanism of the soft narrative of historical nihilism, it is also necessary to confidently falsify its typical cases. For example, regarding the hot topic “Qiu Shaoyun being burned to death violates physiology” [17]17 Qiu Shaoyun was a Chinese soldier who, during the Korean War (1950-1953), was burned to death while maintaining camouflage to avoid exposing his unit’s position. He is a celebrated martyr in the PRC. set up online, the China Military Online [18]18 China Military Online (中国军网) is the official news website of the People’s Liberation Army. promptly published a critical article titled “When Fighting, Soldiers Never Care About ‘Physiology’,” [19]19 The article title “When Fighting, Soldiers Never Care About ‘Physiology’” is a direct translation of the Chinese title provided by the author. refuting and falsifying this “brainless” statement in a timely manner. We must, for these typical cases of the soft narrative of historical nihilism, speak out in a timely manner through multiple channels such as official media, newspapers and magazines, and self-media platforms, refuting them with sound reasoning and evidence.

一是要“破”历史虚无主义软性叙事的内在实质。历史虚无主义软性叙事就是借软性化的介质，行虚无历史的目的，本质上还属于错误的社会思潮。历史虚无主义从根本上违背历史发展规律，曲解历史事实和真相，否定唯物史观，试图通过部分的、琐碎的、个别的历史片段“还原”历史、“重评”历史。所谓“破”就是要“破”其实质、“破”其根源，透过软性化的迷雾去揭露和批判历史虚无主义的“根”，让其丑恶、虚假的嘴脸曝光在阳光之下。二是要“破”历史虚无主义软性叙事的隐喻机理。历史虚无主义软性叙事就是切中了人们感性化的心理需求，善于洞察人们的思想动态和情绪变化，将历史虚无主义的观点和理念隐性融入到软性化的叙事介质之中，潜移默化地实现历史虚无主义隐而不显的渗透和传播。历史虚无主义软性叙事的一般隐喻机理是通过“感官冲击—心理触动—情感同化”的内生逻辑，进而逐步实现其既有的目的。所以，我们要洞察和明晰历史虚无主义软性叙事的隐喻机理和发生机制，有效地识别其虚假的伪装，及时地跳出其编织的陷阱。三是要“破”历史虚无主义软性叙事的典型案例。除了要对历史虚无主义软性叙事的实质和机理进行揭批之外，同时还要对其典型的案例理直气壮地证伪。比如，对于网络上设置的“火烧邱少云违背生理学”热点议题，中国军网及时刊登了题为《打仗时，军人从来不管什么“生理学”》的批判性文章，对其“无脑”言论进行及时驳斥和证伪。我们就是要对于这些典型的历史虚无主义软性叙事案例，通过官方媒体、报纸杂志、自媒体平台等多种渠道及时发声，对其进行有理有据的驳斥。

(3) Active Construction: Proactively Strengthening the Positive Construction of the Soft Narrative of Mainstream Ideology

（三）积极建构：主动加强主流意识形态软性叙事的正向建构

In responding to the soft narrative of historical nihilism, in addition to focusing on the work of “breaking,” it is also necessary to take the initiative and actively construct around the aspect of “establishing.” Softened narrative media and softened narrative methods can be co-opted by historical nihilism, but they can also be utilized by mainstream ideology. We must proactively strengthen the positive construction of the soft narrative of mainstream ideology, promoting the dominant ideology, mainstream values, red culture, and revolutionary spirit to become a prevailing trend.

应对历史虚无主义软性叙事，除了着力于“破”的工作之外，还要围绕“立”的方面主动作为、积极建构。软性化的叙事介质以及软性化的叙事手段能够被历史虚无主义所裹挟，也能够为主流意识形态所利用。我们要主动加强主流意识形态软性叙事的积极建构，促使主导意识形态、主流价值观念，红色文化、革命精神等蔚然成风。

On the one hand, it is necessary to establish a correct view of history and a scientific view of perceptual activity. Whether historical nihilism spreads through soft narratives or through “hard” dissemination, it is essentially an erroneous social trend of thought and an idealist view of history. Under the guidance of historical idealism, it distorts, tailors, deconstructs, and subverts history, ultimately achieving the goal of nihilizing history. The so-called “radical reform from the root” [20]20 “Radical reform from the root” (正本清源) is a four-character idiom meaning to radically reform from the source, often used in the context of ideological and cultural rectification. means establishing a Marxist view of history at the source, adhering to a grand view of history, and being adept at using historical thinking to analyze and solve problems. As Xi Jinping emphasized, only by truly understanding Marxism can one “better identify various idealist viewpoints and better resist various fallacies of historical nihilism.” [21]21 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Conference Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Marx,” May 4, 2018. At the same time, we must also establish a scientific view of perceptual activity. The soft narrative of historical nihilism primarily caters to people’s perceptual psychology by creating various perceptual experiences, thereby achieving its preset goals. The reason why the soft narrative of historical nihilism can be “remarkably effective” is that “the key reason lies in the public’s failure to detect its substitution and distortion of ‘perceptual activity,’ being deceived by a false view of perceptual activity.” [22]22 This is a quotation from the author’s own research or a related source, not a classical text. Therefore, we must actively guide the public to establish a scientific view of perceptual activity, create a rich and diverse range of positive sensory experiences, and absorb positive energy through colorful sensory practices. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a soft narrative system for mainstream ideology. Soft narrative media—such as red culture, revolutionary spirit, and core socialist values—are powerful tools for the external dissemination of mainstream ideology. By taking the initiative and occupying positions related to soft narratives, mainstream ideology can, to a certain extent, squeeze the living space of erroneous social trends such as historical nihilism. At the macro level, the Party and the state should attach importance to the construction of soft narrative platforms and actively build a digitalized, visualized mainstream cultural dissemination matrix. Currently, short videos, public accounts, Weibo, and other all-media platforms have become integrated soft narrative platforms combining images, text, video, music, and other elements. We must take the initiative in terms of policies, mechanisms, and safeguards to actively construct a soft dissemination system for mainstream ideology. At the meso level, ideological propaganda entities such as universities and media platforms should actively enhance their soft narrative capabilities. By utilizing modern information technologies such as big data, algorithms, and artificial intelligence, they can explore the soft needs of target audiences, study the laws of mainstream ideological soft narratives in their respective fields, and actively guide the values of students, the public, and other groups. At the micro level, individual members of the public should actively improve their soft narrative literacy. For individual audience members, it is necessary to enhance their own literacy in soft consumption. They should be able to effectively judge and identify soft narratives of erroneous trends such as historical nihilism, and refrain from consuming, producing, or spreading them. For the soft narratives of mainstream ideology, they should actively respond, participate, and effectively construct them.

一方面，要树立正确的历史观、感性活动观。历史虚无主义无论是通过软性叙事还是通过“硬性”传播，其本质上是一种错误的社会思潮，是一种唯心史观。它就是在历史唯心主义指导下歪曲历史、剪裁历史、解构历史、颠覆历史，最终达到虚无历史的目的。所谓“正本清源”，就是要在根源上树立马克思主义历史观，坚持大历史观，善于用历史思维分析问题、解决问题。正如习近平强调的，只有真正弄懂了马克思主义，“才能更好识别各种唯心主义观点、更好抵御各种历史虚无主义谬论”。同时，我们也要树立科学的感性活动观。历史虚无主义软性叙事主要是通过创设各种感性体验，去迎合人们的感性心理，以达到预设的目的。历史虚无主义软性叙事之所以能够“成效明显”，“关键原因在于民众未能察觉其对‘感性活动’的偷换和歪曲，被虚假感性活动观所蒙蔽”。所以，我们要积极引导民众树立科学的感性活动观，营造丰富多彩的正向感官体验，在多彩的感官实践中吸收正能量。另一方面，要建立主流意识形态的软性叙事体系。软性化的叙事介质是红色文化、革命精神、社会主义核心价值观等主流意识形态对外传播的有力抓手。主流意识形态主动作为，抢占软性化叙事相关的阵地在一定程度上挤压了历史虚无主义等错误社会思潮的生存空间。宏观层次，党和国家要重视软性化叙事平台的建设，积极打造数字化、可视化的主流文化传播矩阵。当前，短视频、公众号、微博等全媒体介质已成为集图像、文字、视频、音乐等多位一体的软性化叙事平台，我们要在政策、机制、保障等方面主动作为，积极建构起主流意识形态的软性化传播体系。中观层次，高校、媒体平台等思想宣传主体要积极提升软性化叙事能力。利用大数据、算法、人工智能等现代化的信息技术，探知受众群体软性化的需求，在各自领域探索主流意识形态软性叙事的规律，主动去引领学生、民众等群体的价值观念。微观层次，大众个体要积极提升软性化叙事素养。对于受众的个体而言，要提升自身软性消费的素养。对于历史虚无主义等错误思潮软性叙事能够有效判断和识别，不消费、不生产、不扩散。对于主流意识形态软性叙事应积极响应、主动参与、有效建构。

(Author’s bio: Luo Hongjie, Assistant Professor and Master’s Supervisor, School of Marxism, Tongji University)

（作者简介：罗红杰，同济大学马克思主义学院助理教授、硕士研究生导师）

(Project: This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project “Research on the Construction of a Socialist Ideology Audio-Visual Narrative System (23CKS057)” and the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Project “Research on the Audio-Visual Narrative Strategy of the Chinese Communist Party’s Ideology (22YJC710044)”)

（项目：本文系国家社会科学基金青年项目“社会主义意识形态视听叙事体系建构研究(23CKS057);教育部人文社会科学青年项目“中国共产党意识形态的视听叙事策略研究”(22YJC710044)的阶段性成果）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心