Global Neoliberal Capitalism and Its Alternatives

From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, socialism was a burgeoning political force. The Soviet bloc offered an alternative to Western imperialism; the countries within the Soviet bloc possessed different organizational structures, forms of property, and political legitimacy from those of Western imperialist states. In Western Europe, capitalism persisted, but conservative, liberal, and nationalist parties adopted policies of nationalizing major industries, high taxation, state economic guidance, and welfare redistribution. In Africa and Asia, numerous anti-colonial movements with socialist leanings emerged, enabling these countries to escape the domination of imperialist politics. Various forms of socialism entered the public consciousness as viable and desirable political goals.

20世纪50年代到70年代中期，社会主义成为蓬勃发展的政治力量。苏联阵营提供了不同于西方帝国主义的替代方案，苏联阵营中的国家与西方帝国主义国家拥有不同的组织结构、产权形式和政治合法性。在西欧，资本主义依然存在，但保守派、自由派和民族主义政党采取了主要产业国有化、高水平税收、国家经济导向和福利再分配政策。在非洲和亚洲，出现了许多具有社会主义倾向的反殖民运动，使得这些国家成功摆脱了帝国主义政治的支配。各种形式的社会主义作为可行且理想的政治目标进入了公众视野。

By the early 21st century, the world’s political and ideological landscape had undergone significant transformation. In Europe today, we see no traditional social democratic governments; communist parties in various countries have retreated to the margins of political life; the Soviet Union no longer exists. Neoliberal capitalist theory and practice have influenced global development. Marxist critics define it as a new stage of capitalism and imperialism, viewing it as a tool for “restoring class power.”

到了21世纪初，世界政治和意识形态版图发生了显著变化。在如今的欧洲，我们看不到传统社会民主政府的存在，各国的共产党已经退居政治生活边缘，苏联不复存在。新自由资本主义的理论和实践影响了全球发展。马克思主义批评家们将其定义为资本主义和帝国主义的新阶段，认为它是“恢复阶级权力”的工具。

Why did neoliberalism, a marginal economic concept of little consequence in the 1960s, leap to become a major political and economic theory in the 1980s? To explain this, we must go beyond accounts of “manufacturing consent” based on political coercion, financial constraints, and indoctrination by the capitalist mass media. In Western capitalist countries, neoliberal policies were widely adopted by elected governments and opposition political forces alike, seen as a remedy for economic stagnation or decline. As for critics of neoliberalism, while they recognized its flaws, they believed no better alternative existed. For example, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher bluntly stated: “There is no alternative.” But I question this assertion.

为什么在20世纪60年代还是无足轻重的小众经济学概念的新自由主义会在20世纪80年代一跃成为重要的政治和经济学理论呢？要解释这一问题，我们必须超越基于政治胁迫、金融限制和资本主义大众媒体灌输的“构建同意”说法。在西方资本主义国家，新自由主义政策被已当选政府和在野政治力量视为解决经济落后或衰退问题的良方，得到广泛采用。就新自由主义的批评者而言，他们虽然认识到了新自由主义的缺陷，但认为找不到更好的替代方案。例如，英国前首相撒切尔夫人就曾直截了当地指出：“别无选择。”但对于这一断言，我表示质疑。

So, what are the main features of neoliberalism? What are its defects? Why should it be replaced? Most importantly, does a viable alternative exist, and how can the replacement of neoliberalism be achieved?

那么，新自由主义的主要特征是什么？其缺陷何在？为什么它应当被取代？最重要的是，是否存在可行的替代方案，以及如何实现对新自由主义的替代？

The Definition of Neoliberalism and Its Appeal

新自由主义的定义及其吸引力

Neoliberalism originated as an economic doctrine and subsequently developed into a social theory. Classical 19th-century capitalism was a profit-driven economic system coordinated through market relations and competition. The state upheld private property rights and enforced laws. Neoliberalism extends and deepens liberal capitalism; as a normative theory, it can guide the organization and functioning of society.

新自由主义起源于一种经济学说，进而发展成为一种社会理论。19世纪的古典式资本主义是一个由利润驱动的经济体系，通过市场关系和竞争进行协调。国家维护私有财产权并执行法律。新自由主义则扩展和深化了自由资本主义，作为一种规范性理论，它可以指导社会的组织运转。

The social system of neoliberalism encompasses legal, psychological, economic, and political dimensions. Law is the foundation of neoliberalism, guaranteeing the “principle of widespread consent” in society. The British economist Friedrich Hayek argued that these principles promote individual freedom. Law cannot be overturned by majority decisions. Democracy is a “procedural principle aimed at defending freedom.” On the psychological level, neoliberalism is based on the realization of individual self-interest. For Thatcher, neoliberalism was a method to “change hearts and souls.” For supporters of neoliberalism, people should be freed from social constraints, individual rights are paramount, and diversity and social mobility should be promoted. Guaranteeing individual rights is an important political goal of civil society.

新自由主义的社会体系包括法律、心理、经济和政治层面。法律是新自由主义的基础，保障了社会的“广泛同意原则”。英国经济学家哈耶克（Friedrich Hayek）认为，这些原则促进了个人自由。法律不能被多数人的决定所推翻。民主是“旨在捍卫自由的过程性原则”。在心理层面，新自由主义以个人自我利益的实现为基础。对于撒切尔夫人而言，新自由主义是一种“改变心灵和灵魂”的方法。对新自由主义的支持者而言，人们应该摆脱社会约束，个人权利至上，促进多样性和社会流动性。保障个人权利是公民社会的重要政治目标。

The state must not only supervise but also make its own procedures public and engage in competition. The state does not directly produce goods or provide services, but it has the responsibility to guarantee liberal institutions and procedures and to weaken those institutions that do not conform to liberal principles. Economic liberalism adds a financialized dimension, namely the monetization of social exchange relations, and expands the scope of economic market mechanisms. The financialization of activities—the exchange process through monetary transactions—increases efficiency and allows individuals more choices. This is one of the major distinctions between neoliberal economics and classical economics, the latter limiting the market sphere to the economic realm and using moral obligations to address the care of the poor and the sick. In reality, many countries have adopted neoliberal perspectives to varying degrees.

国家不仅要进行监督，还要对外公开其自身的程序并参与竞争。国家不直接生产商品和提供服务，但有责任保障自由制度和程序，并削弱那些不符合自由原则的制度。经济自由主义增加了一个金融化的维度，即社会交换关系的货币化，并扩大了经济市场机制的范围。活动的金融化即通过货币交易的交换过程，提高了效率并使个人可以有更多的选择。这是新自由主义经济学与古典经济学的重大区别之一，后者将市场领域限制在经济范围内，用道德义务去解决照顾穷人和病人的问题。现实中，许多国家在不同程度上采用了新自由主义的观点。

Neoliberalism has a global normative concept, emphasizing that anyone, anywhere, should be able to enjoy rights, and their freedoms should be legally guaranteed internationally. In the view of neoliberalism’s supporters, the international system promotes the free flow of capital, labor, goods, and services through agreements between states. International institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization should be responsible for setting rules that support the free movement of capital on a global scale.

新自由主义有一个全球规范性理念，强调任何人在任何地方都应该能享有权利，并且其自由应当在国际上得到合法保障。在新自由主义的支持者看来，国际体系通过国家间的协议促进资本、劳动力、商品和服务的自由流动。国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织等国际机构应负责制定规则，支持全球范围内的资本自由流动。

As a normative theory, neoliberalism has been adopted by various political parties and applied to public policy formulation. The concepts of individual freedom and people receiving their “just deserts” have broad appeal. The development of all European socialist states has undergone regime change and the establishment or re-establishment of the bourgeoisie.

新自由主义作为一种规范性理论，被多种政治党派采纳并应用到公共政策制定中。个人自由和人们获得“应得回报”的观念具有广泛的吸引力。所有欧洲社会主义国家的发展都经历了政权更替和资产阶级的建立或重新建立。

In Western Europe, the concept of the nation-state began to weaken, and a transnational global class identifying with global networks rose. Somewhat ironically, in Western Europe, a critical “Left” borrowed from neoliberalism, abandoning the analysis of capitalism centered on exploitation and social class. The mainstream Western Left underwent a major shift: from socialist class concepts to social diversity, from economic exploitation to a focus on equality of economic opportunity, and from conducting socialist political movements to broadening and strengthening democratic politics. Under the influence of neoliberal modes of thought, class politics turned into identity politics. These new concerns were raised by those suffering social and political discrimination and occupying subordinate positions. In this context, politics is built on grievances related to race, ethnicity, caste, generation, and gender, resulting in fragmented identity politics replacing social class analysis.

而在西欧地区，国家的概念开始弱化，一个认同全球网络的跨国全球阶级得以崛起。有些讽刺的是，在西欧，批判性的“左翼”借鉴新自由主义，抛弃了以剥削和社会阶级为核心的资本主义分析。西方左翼主流思想发生了重大转变，从社会主义的阶级概念转向社会多样性，从经济剥削转向关注经济机会平等，从开展社会主义政治运动转向拓宽和加强民主政治。在新自由主义思维方式的影响下，阶级政治转向了身份政治。这些新的关注点是那些遭受社会和政治歧视、处于从属地位的人提出的。在这种背景下，政治建立在种族、民族、种姓、世代和性别方面的不满上，致使碎片化的身份政治取代了社会阶级分析。

The Unacceptable Developmental Problems Brought by Neoliberalism

新自由主义带来不可接受的发展问题

Why seek an alternative to neoliberal capitalism? What problems has global capitalism encountered? And how should we address these problems? I argue that neoliberalism has brought six major unacceptable developmental problems. First, the cyclical economic crises of capitalism lead to idle capital (economic depression) and surplus labor (underemployment and unemployment). Second, the perpetual inheritance of private ownership of the means of production results in persistent income inequality. Third, severe social and political instability caused by market fluctuations, unstable employment, and large-scale migration. Fourth, unregulated, profit-driven development leads to increased social costs and damage to the ecological environment. Fifth, instability caused by systemic inequality between the core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral countries of the world system. Sixth, the permanent threat of war. Major conflicts may occur between the core countries of the world system (especially the United States and the United Kingdom) and semi-peripheral countries (emerging economies).

为什么要寻找一种替代新自由资本主义的方案？全球资本主义出现了什么问题？我们又该如何解决这些问题？我认为，新自由主义带来了六个重要的不可接受的发展问题。第一，资本主义的周期性经济危机导致资本闲置（经济萧条）和劳动力过剩（不充分就业和失业）。第二，生产资料私有制的永续继承带来的持续性收入不平等。第三，由市场波动、不稳定就业和大规模移民引起的严重社会和政治动荡。第四，以利润为驱动的无监管发展造成了社会成本增加以及对生态环境的破坏。第五，世界体系核心国家、半核心国家和外围国家之间的系统性不平等导致的不稳定。第六，永久性的战争威胁。世界体系核心国家（特别是美国和英国）与半核心国家（新兴经济体）之间可能发生重大冲突。

It is believed that markets have self-regulating mechanisms and countervailing forces, and that minor adjustments can improve the suboptimal utilization of labor and capital. But as the British economist John Maynard Keynes pointed out in the 1930s, equilibrium can settle at a suboptimal level and will not be corrected through economic mechanisms. Confronting economic forces will not bring about a new, higher-level economic equilibrium. Depressed regions find it difficult to attract investment that could promote economic growth; instead, they experience cumulative decline, leading to destructive migration. Following the theory of the Swedish economist Karl Gunnar Myrdal, I argue that initial inequality is amplified in a pattern of circular and cumulative causation, ultimately leading to market failure, and the state must intervene to break the inertia.

人们认为市场有自我调节机制和对抗力量，可以通过小幅调整来改善劳动力和资本的非最优化利用。但正如英国经济学家凯恩斯（John Maynard Keynes）在20世纪30年代所指出的那样，均衡可以停留在非最优化水平，并且不会通过经济机制得到纠正。相互对抗的经济力量不会带来新的更高水平的经济均衡。经济萧条地区很难吸引到能够促进经济增长的投资，而是会经历累积衰退，导致破坏性移民。按照瑞典经济学家缪尔达尔（Karl Gunnar Myrdal）的理论，我认为初始的不平等在循环和累积因果关系的模式中会被放大，最终导致市场失败，国家必须干预以打破惯性。

Many problems existed before the emergence of neoliberalism and economic globalization, or are independent of neoliberalism and globalization; therefore, it is necessary for us to pay attention to making distinctions. It is important not to conflate all the world’s problems and attribute them to a single factor, such as neoliberal capitalism. Nevertheless, neoliberalism constitutes the legitimate ideology of developed capitalism, exerting a profound influence not only on capitalist society but also on the views of its critics. Hence, a credible alternative to neoliberalism must be able to address these problems over time.

许多问题是在新自由主义和经济全球化出现之前就已经存在的，或者说是独立于新自由主义和全球化的，因此我们有必要注意区分。重要的是不要将世界上的所有问题混为一谈，并将其归因于一个单独的因素，例如新自由资本主义。尽管如此，新自由主义构成了发达资本主义的合法意识形态，不仅对资本主义社会，而且对其批评者的观点产生了深远影响。因此，可信的新自由主义替代方案必须能够随着时间的推移解决这些问题。

Possible Alternatives

可能的替代方案

So what are the alternatives to neoliberal capitalism? I can offer several major economic and political alternatives. I will discuss currently more coherent theories of economic organization and other options, including reformist schemes within capitalism, alternatives in the socialist sense, mixed schemes that combine capitalist and non-capitalist forms, and the regulated market socialism that I advocate.

那么新自由资本主义的替代方案是什么？我可以给出几个主要的经济和政治替代方案。我将讨论当前较为连贯的经济组织理论以及其他选项，包括资本主义内部的改良性方案、社会主义意义上的替代性方案、融合了资本主义和非资本主义形式的混合方案等主要的替代方案，以及我推崇的受调控的市场社会主义方案。

The first major category is reformist schemes within capitalism, including social democracy and state capitalism. Social democracy is a mixed system of public and private enterprises operating through market mechanisms; it allows the extraction of economic surplus under certain regulation and integrates state-provided welfare services into the market system. In its organizational form, an alliance of socialist parties, private enterprises, trade unions, and government runs the state.

第一大类是资本主义内部的改良性方案，包括社会民主主义和国家资本主义。社会民主主义是一种通过市场机制运作的公有和私营企业混合体系，它允许在一定监管下提取经济盈余，并将国家提供的福利服务融入市场系统中。在其组织形式上，由社会主义政党、私营企业、工会和政府组成的联盟负责国家的运行。

State capitalism refers to the state ownership and control of economic assets, achieved through planning or a combination of planning and market coordination, with surplus extracted to benefit state institutions. Under state capitalism, the state legally owns and controls enterprises and extracts surplus for purposes of renewal and investment.

国家资本主义是指通过规划或规划加市场协调的方式实现经济资产由国家所有和控制，实现盈余以惠及国家机构。在国家资本主义模式下，国家合法拥有和控制企业，并提取盈余以用于复兴和投资。

The second major category is alternatives in the socialist sense, including state socialism and market socialism. State socialism involves state ownership and direction of the economy, achieving socialist goals through comprehensive planning and directly producing use values. Under state socialism, profit and market competition are discarded, and the use of surplus products is entirely managed and directed by the state to achieve economic objectives, including the cumulative development of productive forces and the direct provision of public goods and services (use values).

第二大类是社会主义意义上的替代性方案，包括国家社会主义和市场社会主义。国家社会主义涉及国家所有和指导经济，通过全面计划实现社会主义目标，直接生产使用价值。在国家社会主义模式下，利润和市场竞争被摒弃，盈余产品的使用完全由国家管理和主导，以实现包括生产力累积发展和直接提供公共物品与服务（使用价值）的经济目标。

Market socialism is defined as a combination of public ownership, maximum market competition, and minimal collective coordination. The goal is to produce goods and services through market competition, without the need for detailed state economic planning.

市场社会主义被定义为公有制、最大程度市场竞争、最小程度集体协调的结合。目标是通过市场竞争生产商品和服务，而无需详细的国家经济计划。

The third major category is mixed schemes that combine capitalist and non-capitalist forms, including autonomous self-sufficient economies and state-directed capitalism. An autonomous self-sufficient economy consists of a network of self-sufficient, self-managed economic and social actors operating within capitalism. That is, these autonomous self-sufficient units exist within the existing capitalist society, and this form can enable them to detach from the global and national market economies with which they interact.

第三大类是融合了资本主义和非资本主义形式的混合方案，包括自主自给经济和国家控制的资本主义。自主自给经济由在资本主义内运作的自给自足、自我管理的经济和社会行动者的互动网络组成。也就是说这些自主自给的经济单位存在于现有的资本主义社会中，而这种形式可以使其从与其互动的全球和国家市场经济中脱离。

State-directed capitalism refers to a model in which state institutions holding political leadership direct private and/or quasi-state enterprises that aim to obtain profit. The state uses administrative means through economic management institutions, employing coercion, socialization, and persuasion to impose authority over the non-state sector. The exercise of state authority may serve different purposes.

国家控制的资本主义是指由掌握政治领导权的国家机构指导以获取利润为目的的私人和/或准国家企业的模式。国家通过经济管理机构利用行政手段，强制、社会化和说服对非国家部门施加权威。国家权威的行使可能有不同目的。

As for regulated market socialism, it is a transitional stage toward socialism, which I will discuss in detail below.

至于受调控的市场社会主义，它是通向社会主义的过渡阶段，我将在下面详细讨论。

These schemes represent different political positions, aiming to secure desired economic and political outcomes. To transition to a higher mode of production, namely socialism, class exploitation of workers must be abolished in developed economies such as the United States and Britain. But Western hegemonic states will not permit certain types of transformation to occur; any political movement moving in this direction will be challenged or even suppressed. This is the problem that regulated market socialism must face. I believe regulated market socialism offers the most simplified answer for the transition from developed capitalist states to socialism; the discussion here does not apply to emerging economies.

这些方案代表了不同的政治立场，旨在确保期望的经济和政治结果。为了向更高级的生产方式即社会主义过渡，在发达经济体如美国和英国必须取代对劳动者的阶级剥削。但西方霸权国家不会允许某些类型的转变发生，任何朝这个方向发展的政治运动都会受到挑战甚至压制。这是受调控的市场社会主义要面临的问题，我认为受调控的市场社会主义为发达资本主义国家向社会主义过渡提供了最简化的答案，这里的讨论不适用于新兴经济体。

Regulated Market Socialism

受调控的市场社会主义

The combination of macro-level planning and micro-level markets creates a mixed form of economic coordination—regulated market socialism. The model of regulated market socialism I outline aims to encourage the state to develop in a socialist direction within capitalist market societies that have established party-based electoral political systems. The goal is to provide greater economic stability and promote sustainable development, making production serve the public interest rather than only private profit. The profit motive and economic rewards for small and medium-sized enterprises will coexist with policies that drive income increases and make living standards more balanced. The state will guide direct investment based on long-term plans, taking into account social costs, technological development, and geographical location. The social and moral order will be more collectivist in character, more focused on meeting human needs, especially maintaining full employment and providing public services such as housing, education, and health. The distribution of retail products and services from public and private sectors will be coordinated by the market. Consumption activities will be driven by demand, not by commercially exaggerated desires. A pluralistic competitive party system will continue to exist and operate according to law under existing conditions. Economic strategy will be based on a coherent development policy embodying economic democracy.

宏观层面的规划与微观层面的市场相结合，造就了一种混合的经济协调形式——受调控的市场社会主义。我概述的受调控的市场社会主义模式旨在在已建立以政党为基础的选举政治制度的资本主义市场社会中鼓励国家向社会主义方向发展。目标是提供更大的经济稳定性和促进可持续发展，使生产为公共利益服务，而不是只为私人谋利益。中小企业的利润动机和经济奖励将与推动收入提高和使生活水平更均衡的政策并存。国家将根据长期计划，在考虑社会成本、技术发展、地理位置的基础上引导直接投资。社会和道德秩序将更具集体主义特征，更加聚焦满足人类需求尤其是维持充分就业和提供住房、教育、卫生等公共服务。来自公共和私营部门的零售产品和服务分配将由市场协调。消费活动将由需求驱动，而不是被商业夸大的欲望驱动。多元化的竞争性政党系统将继续存在，并在现有条件下依法运作。经济战略将基于一个连贯的发展政策，体现经济民主。

The main goal of regulated market socialism is to formulate policies that abolish class exploitation of workers while improving human welfare and avoiding repressive civil war. As an economic system, regulated market socialism possesses the advantages of a planned economy while retaining consumer choice and individual entrepreneurship. Regulated market socialism is a dual economy: planning is carried out at the national level, while markets and networks achieve individual fulfillment and satisfy consumer demand at the micro level. Market socialism limits private ownership of capital and maintains retail market competition within the context of national planning. The “social state” under this conception will follow a post-capitalist socialist political and moral order, planning to develop an economic system that can achieve full employment and guarantee access to a universal basic income. It will retain a pluralistic consumer and welfare society, and socialist planning will be re-examined in a computerized context.

受调控的市场社会主义的主要目标是制定政策，消灭对劳动者的阶级剥削，同时改善人类福祉，避免镇压性质的内战。作为一种经济系统，受调控的市场社会主义拥有计划经济的优势，同时保留消费者的选择权和个人创业精神。受调控的市场社会主义是一个双重经济体：规划在国家层面进行，而市场和网络在微观层面实现个人成就并满足消费需求。市场社会主义限制资本的私人所有权，在国家规划的背景下保持零售市场竞争。这种设想下的“社会国家”将遵循后资本主义的社会主义政治和道德秩序，规划发展出一个可以实现充分就业的经济体系，并保障人们获得普惠性基本收入。它将保留一个多元化的消费者和福利社会，社会主义规划将在计算机化背景下被重新审视。

The reason for converting large enterprises to public ownership is that such enterprises can operate more efficiently than under private ownership, and it will break the private inheritance of capital and economic exploitation. Initially, this proposal targets large enterprises that have failed in public responsibility or lack public accountability. Small and medium-sized enterprises can continue to operate in market competition under private ownership, maintaining self-motivated individualism. Political democracy is extended to large enterprises in both the public and private sectors to achieve economic democracy. Socialism develops within a democratic, pluralistic society and upholds a competitive electoral political system.

之所以要把大型企业改成公有制，是因为这样企业可以比在私人所有状态下更高效地运作，它将打破资本的私人继承和经济剥削。最初，这一提议针对的是因公共事业失败或缺乏公共责任感的大型企业。小型和中型企业可以继续在私有制下的市场竞争中运作，保持自我激励的个人主义。政治民主扩展到公共和私营部门的大型企业，以实现经济民主。社会主义在一个民主多元化的社会中发展，并坚持具有竞争性的选举政治制度。

During the transition period, it is crucial to prevent civil war, avoid economic disorder, and actively improve economic welfare. Under a socialist system, people’s lives should be significantly improved. It is important not to endanger those who have acquired personal assets through their own savings and labor, thereby creating political and social support conditions for the transfer of ownership and control of enterprise capital and preventing the rise of the bourgeoisie.

在过渡时期，至关重要的是防止内战，避免经济失序，并积极改善经济福利。在社会主义制度下，人们的生活应当得到显著改善。重要的是不危及那些通过自己的储蓄和劳动获得个人资产的人，从而为企业资本所有权和控制权的转移创造政治和社会支持条件，防止资产阶级的兴起。

This scheme may attract those who have been socialized and thus believe that democracy, creativity, and self-improvement have value. Apart from current work, effort, or entrepreneurship, the hereditary ownership of corporate capital will be greatly reduced. This historically determined inheritance of wealth allows some people to reap without sowing, and in developed countries approximately 70%–80% of wealth is inherited in this way. It is important not to confuse this wealth with wealth accumulated through labor over an individual’s lifetime. In this way, many economic activities are actually excluded from the scope of transfer to the public sector. The assets of those involved in the operation of enterprises (especially small enterprises), including cash deposits, will be inherited in the normal way. Small farms and similar enterprises will enjoy intergenerational transfer. In short, the goal of this scheme is to reduce the level of capital wealth, thereby reducing inequality related to capital, rather than taxing the income generated by capital wealth.

这一方案可能吸引那些被社会化因而相信民主、创造力和自我提升有价值的人。除却当前的工作、努力或创业，企业资本的世袭所有权将大大减少。这种历史决定的财富继承使得部分人可以不劳而获，而在发达国家大约70%—80%的财富是以这种方式继承的。值得注意的是，不要将这种财富与个人一生中积累的、通过劳动获取的财富混为一谈。这样一来，许多经济活动实际上被排除在向公共部门转移的范围之外。参与企业（特别是小型企业）经营活动的人的资产包括现金存款，将按照正常方式继承。小型农场和类似企业将享受代际转移。总之，这一方案的目标是减少资本财富水平，从而减少与资本有关的不平等，而不是对资本财富所产生的收入征税。

Borrowing from my criteria for evaluating the defects of neoliberalism: under the regulated market socialist model, state ownership will reduce exploitation and significantly lower the level of inequality. The transfer of property ownership will be gradual and will not affect the income or non-capital assets that people obtain, which can also reduce the possibility of civil war. These proposals will not challenge other countries, nor will they lead to war between nations. They will not only bring short-term economic benefits to the community but can also strengthen the state’s welfare system.

借用我评估新自由主义缺陷的标准：在受调控的市场社会主义模式下，国家所有制将减少剥削，大幅降低不平等水平。财产所有权的转移将是渐进的，不会影响人们获取的收入或非资本资产，这样也可以减少发生内战的可能性。这些提议不会挑战其他国家，也不会导致国家间的战争，不仅将为社区带来短期经济利益，而且可以强化国家的福利制度。

Readers may think these are fantasies, because these views have almost no political support and are not on the agenda of any political party in Western countries. I believe that inertia is prevalent in our society, allowing established neoliberal forces to gain the upper hand ideologically and politically. Here I want to quote the American economist Milton Friedman: “Only a crisis—actual or perceived—produces real change. When that crisis occurs, the actions that are taken depend on the ideas that are lying around. Therefore, we need to develop alternatives to existing policies, to keep them alive until the politically impossible becomes politically inevitable.” I believe that, as Friedman said, socialism, which now appears “politically impossible” in the West, will eventually become a “politically inevitable” reality.

读者可能认为这些都是幻想，因为这些观点几乎没有政治上的支持，它们不在西方国家任何政党的议程上。我认为我们的社会普遍存在惰性，使得既定的新自由主义力量在意识形态和政治上占据上风。在这里我想引用美国经济学家弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）的话：“只有实际或感知到的危机才能带来真正的变革。当危机发生时，所采取的行动取决于那些现成的想法。因此，我们需要制定现有政策的替代方案，使它们保持活力，直到政治上不可能的事情变得政治上不可避免。”我相信，如弗里德曼所言，现在在西方看起来“政治上不可能”的社会主义终将成为“政治上不可避免”的现实。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗