180 Years Since the Publication of *The German Ideology*: Retrospect and Prospect

In October 1845, Marx and Engels began writing *The German Ideology* in order to critique the representatives of the Young Hegelians, Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner, and to clarify the fundamental differences between their own thought and that of Ludwig Feuerbach. By the summer of 1846, the two volumes of the manuscript were essentially completed, and *The German Ideology* achieved its historic publication. As the birthplace of historical materialism, *The German Ideology* is of great significance and far-reaching influence in the history of the development of Marxism. This year marks the 180th anniversary of the creation of *The German Ideology*. At this important historical juncture, it is necessary for us to conduct a historical review and research prospect of this classic work.

1845年10月，马克思和恩格斯为批判青年黑格尔派代表人物布鲁诺·鲍威尔、麦克斯·施蒂纳，澄清自己与路德维希·费尔巴哈思想的根本差异，开始着手写作《德意志意识形态》。1846年夏，该著的两卷手稿基本完成，《德意志意识形态》实现历史性问世。作为唯物史观的诞生地，《德意志意识形态》在马克思主义发展史上可谓意义重大、影响深远。今年正值《德意志意识形态》创作180周年，在这一重要的历史节点，我们有必要对这部经典著作进行一番历史回顾与研究展望。

From Fragmentary Publication to the First Complete Original-Language Edition

从零散刊印到首部原文完整版

As is well known, *The German Ideology* was not published in its entirety during the lifetimes of Marx and Engels and was handed down in manuscript form. As Marx mentioned in the 1859 “Preface to *A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*”: “We had already, in the spring of 1845, reached the decision to work out together the opposition of our view to the ideological view of German philosophy, in fact, to settle accounts with our erstwhile philosophical conscience. The resolve was carried out in the form of a critique of post-Hegelian philosophy. The manuscript, two large octavo volumes, had long ago reached the publisher in Westphalia when we were informed that owing to changed circumstances it could not be printed. We abandoned the manuscript to the gnawing criticism of the mice all the more willingly since we had achieved our main purpose—self-clarification.” [1]1 This is a classical allusion to Marx’s own words in his 1859 preface, where he humorously refers to the manuscript being left to the “gnawing criticism of the mice.” It is a well-known phrase in Marxist scholarship. It is worth noting that one manuscript was an exception: Chapter IV of Volume II of *The German Ideology*—“Karl Grün: ‘The Social Movement in France and Belgium’ (Darmstadt, 1845) or the Historiography of ‘True Socialism’.” In 1847, in order to refute the slanders of a Berlin correspondent and to clarify his critical stance toward Karl Grün, Marx published this manuscript in the journal *Das Westphälische Dampfboot*. It became the only manuscript of *The German Ideology* published during Marx’s lifetime.

众所周知，《德意志意识形态》在马克思恩格斯在世时未能完整出版，以手稿形式流传了下来。正如马克思在1859年的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中提到的，“两厚册八开本的原稿早已送到威斯特伐利亚的出版所，后来我们才接到通知说，由于情况改变，不能付印。既然我们已经达到了我们的主要目的——自己弄清问题，我们就情愿让原稿留给老鼠的牙齿去批判了”。值得一提的是，有一份手稿成为例外，这就是《德意志意识形态》第二卷第四章——《卡尔·格律恩〈法兰西和比利时的社会运动〉（1845年达姆施塔特版）或“真正的社会主义”的历史编纂学》。1847年，为了驳斥柏林记者的污蔑，表明自己对卡尔·格律恩的批判立场，马克思在《威斯特伐利亚汽船》杂志发表了这份手稿。它成为马克思在世时发表的唯一一份《德意志意识形态》手稿。

After the deaths of Marx and Engels, the theoreticians of the German Social Democratic Party undertook the initial research and publication of the *The German Ideology* manuscripts. In 1902, Franz Mehring, in his edited *Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels und Ferdinand Lassalle*, introduced for the first time the writing process and basic content of *The German Ideology* and cited parts of the original text of the “Leipzig Council” and “Saint Bruno” manuscripts. From 1903 to 1904, Eduard Bernstein, the executor of Engels’s literary estate, irregularly printed the original text of the “Saint Max” manuscript of *The German Ideology* in the journal *Dokumente des Sozialismus*, which he edited. This included the main part of “The Old Testament: Man” and the first three sections of “The New Testament: I.” Thus, the “Saint Max” manuscript achieved its first concentrated publication. In 1913, Bernstein published the manuscript “My Self-Enjoyment,” which was part of the conclusion of the “Saint Max” manuscript, in the *Arbeiter-Feuilleton* and the *Vorwärts-Unterhaltungsblatt*. In 1920, Gustav Mayer, in the first volume of his biography *Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie*, provided a detailed introduction to *The German Ideology* and included for the first time a large amount of original text from the “Feuerbach” chapter. The following year, Mayer published the original text of the “Leipzig Council” and “Saint Bruno” manuscripts for the first time in the *Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik*, which became another important event in the publication history of *The German Ideology*.

马克思恩格斯去世后，德国社会民主党理论家开展了最初的《德意志意识形态》手稿研究和出版工作。1902年，弗兰茨·梅林在其主编的《马克思恩格斯和拉萨尔遗著选》中，首次对《德意志意识形态》的写作过程和基本内容作了介绍，并对“莱比锡宗教会议”和“圣布鲁诺”手稿的部分原文作了引证。1903—1904年，恩格斯遗产执行人爱德华·伯恩施坦在其主编的《社会主义文献》杂志中，不定期地刊印了《德意志意识形态》“圣麦克斯”手稿的原文，其中包括“旧约：人”的主体部分以及“新约：我”的前三节。由此，“圣麦克斯”手稿实现了首次集中亮相。1913年，伯恩施坦在《工人副刊》和《〈前进报〉娱乐报》发表了“我的自我享乐”手稿，它是“圣麦克斯”手稿结尾的一部分。1920年，古斯塔夫·迈尔在其撰写的《恩格斯传》第一卷中详细介绍了《德意志意识形态》，并首次收录了“费尔巴哈”章的大量原文。次年，迈尔在《社会科学和社会政治文库》首次原文发表了“莱比锡宗教会议”和“圣布鲁诺”手稿，这成为《德意志意识形态》出版史上的又一重要事件。

In the 1920s, the center of international Marxist research began to shift to the socialist state, the Soviet Union. Under the advocacy and impetus of Lenin, the Marx-Engels Institute of the Central Committee of the CPSU carried out a large-scale collection and organization of the literary legacy of Marx and Engels, and the first historical-critical edition of the *Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe* (MEGA1) emerged in this context. In 1924 and 1926, David Riazanov, the first director of the Marx-Engels Institute, published the Russian and original-language versions of the “Feuerbach” chapter in the first volume of the Russian and German editions of the *Marx-Engels-Archiv*, a companion publication to MEGA1, thereby revealing for the first time the true face of the most closely watched part of *The German Ideology*. In 1932, MEGA1 Volume I/5, the volume containing *The German Ideology*, edited by Vladimir Adoratsky, Riazanov’s successor, was published. This was the first complete original-language edition of *The German Ideology* in world history. It became the base text for later Russian, German, and Chinese editions of *The German Ideology*, effectively promoting the international dissemination of Marxism. However, because this edition adopted a strongly logical arrangement for the “Feuerbach” chapter, deeply intervening in the internal structure of the manuscript, it drew widespread criticism from the academic community, thus laying the groundwork for later rearrangements of the “Feuerbach” chapter.

20世纪20年代，国际马克思主义研究的中心开始转移到社会主义国家苏联。在列宁的倡导和推动下，苏共中央马克思恩格斯研究院开展了规模浩大的马克思恩格斯文献遗产搜集整理活动，《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版第一版即MEGA1在此背景下应运而生。1924年和1926年，马克思恩格斯研究院首任院长达维德·梁赞诺夫在MEGA1配套刊物《马克思恩格斯文库》俄文版和德文版第一卷首次出版了俄文版和原文版“费尔巴哈”章，从而使《德意志意识形态》最受人关注的部分首次展现真容。1932年，梁赞诺夫的继任者弗拉基米尔·阿多拉茨基主编的MEGA1第I/5卷即《德意志意识形态》卷出版。这是世界历史上首部原文完整版《德意志意识形态》，它成为后来俄文版、德文版以及中文版《德意志意识形态》的编译底本，有力促进了马克思主义的国际传播。不过，由于该版对“费尔巴哈”章采取了强逻辑编排，深度介入手稿内部，因而引起学界广泛诟病，这就为后世的“费尔巴哈”章重新编排埋下了伏笔。

From Various Editions of the “Feuerbach” Chapter to the Second Complete Original-Language Edition

从“费尔巴哈”章诸版本到第二部原文完整版

In 1962, Siegfried Bahne discovered three paper sheets (6 pages) of the *The German Ideology* manuscript in the Bernstein literary legacy at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, including pages 1, 2, and 29 of the “Feuerbach” chapter. Consequently, a new wave of enthusiasm for rearranging the “Feuerbach” chapter began to emerge.

1962年，齐格弗里德·巴纳在荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际社会史研究所的伯恩施坦文献遗产中发现了三个纸面（6页）的《德意志意识形态》手稿，其中包括“费尔巴哈”章的1、2和29页手稿。由此，关于“费尔巴哈”章的新编排热潮开始出现。

In 1965, the Soviet scholar Georgi Bagaturia published a new Russian edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter in the journal *Voprosy Filosofii*. In 1966, a separate edition of this version was published. In Bagaturia’s view, the adjustments made to the “Feuerbach” chapter in the MEGA1 edition of *The German Ideology* lacked any necessity or sufficient evidence. Therefore, based on a profound critique of the MEGA1 edition, Bagaturia arranged a new “Feuerbach” chapter according to the original appearance of the manuscript: first, three chapter openings, namely “Introduction,” “A. General Ideology, Especially German Ideology,” and “1. General Ideology, Especially German Philosophy”; second, two fragments on “Division of Labor and Forms of Property” and “The Relationship of Consciousness to Being”; and finally, the continuous manuscript numbered by Marx as pages 1–72. In 1966, a new German edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter, edited by Inge Tillhahn (i.e., Inge Taubert), was published in the *Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie*. Apart from deleting the subheadings added by the editor, this edition completely adopted the arrangement of the new Russian edition.

1965年，苏联学者格奥尔基·巴加图利亚在《哲学问题》杂志发表了俄文新版“费尔巴哈”章。1966年，该版单行本问世。在巴加图利亚看来，MEGA1版《德意志意识形态》对“费尔巴哈”章所作的调整，没有任何必要性和足够的证据。因此，以对MEGA1版的深刻反思为前提，巴加图利亚按照手稿原貌编排出了新的“费尔巴哈”章：首先是三份章开篇，分别为“导论”“A.一般意识形态，特别是德意志意识形态”“1.一般意识形态，特别是德国哲学”；其次是关于“分工和所有制形式”以及“意识和存在的关系”的两个片断；最后是马克思编号为1—72页的连续手稿。1966年，由英格·蒂尔海恩（即英格·陶伯特）主编的德文新版“费尔巴哈”章在《德国哲学杂志》发表，除了删除编者添加的小标题外，该版完全采用了俄文新版的编排方式。

From the 1970s onward, international Marxist research entered the era of the second historical-critical edition of the *Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe* (MEGA2). In 1972, the trial volume of MEGA2 was published, in which the “Feuerbach” chapter edited by Taubert largely followed Bagaturia’s arrangement, except for a different order of the chapter openings. With the official publication of MEGA2 in 1975, Taubert’s responsibility for Volume I/5, the volume containing *The German Ideology*, increasingly attracted academic attention. In 1997, Taubert presented her conception for the arrangement of the MEGA2 edition of *The German Ideology* in *MEGA-Studien*. Compared with the MEGA1 edition, this conception had two main features. First, in terms of textual composition, the entire *The German Ideology* was augmented by four new texts: Marx’s “Refutation of Bruno Bauer,” written as the opening of *The German Ideology*; Engels’s notes on Feuerbach’s *Principles of the Philosophy of the Future*, forming part of the “Feuerbach” chapter; Moses Hess’s “The Writings of Dr. Graziano,” constituting Chapter IV of Volume I; and Engels’s “Karl Beck: ‘Songs of the Poor’ or True Socialist Poetry,” representing a missing section of Volume II. This indicates that Taubert attempted to establish the overall structure of *The German Ideology* within the framework of the quarterly journal plan. Second, in terms of textual arrangement, the “Feuerbach” chapter adopted a chronological arrangement: first, the continuous manuscript numbered by Marx as pages 1–72; second, Engels’s notes on Feuerbach’s works and the three chapter openings; and finally, the two fragments as fair copies. It can be said that the “quarterly journal framework” and “chronological order” were the main characteristics of Taubert’s conception for the complete edition of *The German Ideology*.

从20世纪70年代起，国际马克思主义研究进入到《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版第二版即MEGA2时代。1972年，MEGA2试编卷出版，其中收录的陶伯特主编的“费尔巴哈”章基本沿袭了巴加图利亚的编排方式，只是章开篇的次序有所不同。随着1975年MEGA2的正式出版，陶伯特负责的第I/5卷即《德意志意识形态》卷日益受到学界关注。1997年，陶伯特在《MEGA研究》中提出了MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》的编排构想。相较于MEGA1版，该构想有两大特点：首先，就文本构成来说，整部《德意志意识形态》新增了四份文稿，即作为《德意志意识形态》开篇的马克思所写的《驳布鲁诺·鲍威尔》、作为“费尔巴哈”章组成的恩格斯对费尔巴哈《未来哲学原理》所作的札记、作为第一卷第四章的莫泽斯·赫斯所写的《格拉齐安诺博士的著作》以及作为第二卷缺失章节的恩格斯所写的《卡尔·倍克：〈穷人之歌〉或真正的社会主义的诗歌》。这表明，陶伯特试图以季刊计划为框架来确立《德意志意识形态》的整体结构。其次，就文本编排来说，“费尔巴哈”章采用了时间顺序编排方式：首先是马克思编号为1—72页的连续手稿；其次是恩格斯对费尔巴哈著作所作的札记以及三份章开篇；最后是作为誊清稿的两个片断。可以说，“季刊框架”和“时间顺序”是陶伯特《德意志意识形态》完整版构想的主要特征。

After entering the 21st century, following the death of Taubert, the editorial and publication work of the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology* was transferred to the MEGA working group at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. In 2017, the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology*, edited by Ulrich Pagel and others, was officially published. Compared with Taubert’s conception of a complete edition, the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology* largely reverted to the MEGA¹ edition. This is clearly reflected in the fact that it not only preserved the overall logical structure of *The German Ideology* but also maintained the logical structure of the “Feuerbach” chapter. Furthermore, the MEGA² edition, for the first time, fully reconstructed the entire process of creation and publication of *The German Ideology* from the origin of the journal plan to the failure of that plan, and for the first time, it exhaustively examined the writing sequence and genesis of each manuscript of *The German Ideology*, thereby revealing for the first time the developmental history of *The German Ideology* itself. This is of extremely great significance.

进入21世纪后，由于陶伯特的去世，MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》的编辑出版工作转由德国柏林—勃兰登堡科学院MEGA工作站负责。2017年，由乌尔里希·帕格尔等主编的MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》正式问世。较之于陶伯特的完整版构想，MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》在很大程度上回归到了MEGA1版。这鲜明地体现在，它不仅保持了《德意志意识形态》的整体逻辑结构，而且保持了“费尔巴哈”章的逻辑结构。此外，MEGA2版首次完整重构了《德意志意识形态》从季刊计划源起再到季刊计划失败的整个创作和出版历程，并首次详尽考察了《德意志意识形态》各份手稿的写作次序和诞生过程，从而首次揭示了《德意志意识形态》自身的发展史，具有极为重要的意义。

The Compilation and Publication of *The German Ideology* in China

《德意志意识形态》在中国的编译出版

The first compilation and publication of *The German Ideology* in China dates back to 1938. In that year, the “Feuerbach” chapter, translated by Guo Moruo based on the original Rjazanov edition, was published by Shanghai Yanxing Publishing House under the title “The German Ideology.” In 1941, the “Feuerbach” chapter, translated by Ke Shi (Zhou Jianren), was published by Shanghai Zhulin Bookstore under the title “The German Ideology System.” It is worth noting that although this edition was translated from the English version published by Lawrence & Wishart in 1938, the base text of that English version was actually the MEGA¹ edition of *The German Ideology* edited by Adoratskii in 1932. Thus, through the intermediary of Guo Moruo’s “Feuerbach” chapter and Ke Shi’s “Feuerbach” chapter, the two most important versions of the “Feuerbach” chapter of *The German Ideology* from the first half of the 20th century—the original Rjazanov edition and the MEGA¹ edition “Feuerbach” chapter—entered Chinese academic circles, laying the foundation for the compilation and study of *The German Ideology* in China.

《德意志意识形态》在中国的首次编译出版要追溯到1938年。这一年，郭沫若以梁赞诺夫原文版为底本译介的“费尔巴哈”章由上海言行出版社出版，标题为“德意志意识形态”。1941年，克士（周建人）翻译的“费尔巴哈”章由上海珠林书店出版，标题为“德意志观念体系”。值得一提的是，尽管该版译自1938年由劳伦斯与威沙特公司出版的英文版本，但该英文版的底本实际上是1932年阿多拉茨基主编的MEGA1版《德意志意识形态》。由此，以郭沫若版“费尔巴哈”章和克士版“费尔巴哈”章为中介，20世纪上半叶《德意志意识形态》“费尔巴哈”章的两个最重要版本——梁赞诺夫原文版和MEGA1版“费尔巴哈”章进入中国学界，为中国《德意志意识形态》编译研究奠定了基石。

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, under the high regard of the Party Central Committee, the compilation and publication of Marxist classics became systematic and large-scale. In 1956, the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee launched the compilation project for the first Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*, whose base text was precisely the second Russian edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels*. In 1960, Volume 3 of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* was officially published. This volume included “Theses on Feuerbach,” *The German Ideology*, and Engels’ manuscript on “The True Socialists,” thereby marking the publication of the first complete Chinese edition of *The German Ideology*. It should be noted that because the base text of *The German Ideology* included in the second Russian edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* originated from the MEGA¹ edition of *The German Ideology*, the first Chinese edition of *The German Ideology* was in fact a comprehensive reproduction of the MEGA¹ edition.

中华人民共和国成立后，在党中央的高度重视下，马克思主义经典著作的编译出版走向系统化、规模化。1956年，中共中央编译局启动了中文第一版《马克思恩格斯全集》编译工程，其编译底本正是俄文第二版《马克思恩格斯全集》。1960年，《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷正式出版，该卷收录了《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》《德意志意识形态》以及恩格斯写作的“真正的社会主义者”手稿，从而标志着《德意志意识形态》首个中文完整版的问世。需要说明的是，由于俄文第二版《马克思恩格斯全集》收录的《德意志意识形态》底本源于MEGA1版《德意志意识形态》，因此，中文首版《德意志意识形态》其实是对MEGA1版的全面再现。

Thereafter, the international academic trend of rearranging the “Feuerbach” chapter, sparked by the discovery of new manuscripts, also influenced China. In 1988, the Compilation and Translation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, using the 1971 single-volume edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter published by Dietz Verlag in the GDR as its base text, released a new Chinese edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter. Since the base text of this German edition was precisely the Bagaturija edition, which had taken it upon itself to correct the MEGA¹ edition, this new Chinese edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter both achieved the timely supplementation of the “Feuerbach” manuscripts (especially the newly discovered manuscripts by Bahne) and overcame the editorial defects originating from the MEGA¹ edition that were contained in the first Chinese edition of *The German Ideology*. Moreover, this new Chinese edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter also included in its appendix Engels’ notes on Feuerbach’s work *Principles of the Philosophy of the Future*, notes which were produced during the writing process of *The German Ideology* and constitute an important part of it. In 2003, as an important component of the “Marxist-Leninist Library,” the *The German Ideology* (Selected Edition) was published by the People’s Publishing House. Based on a re-revision of the translation of the “Feuerbach” chapter, this selected edition, for the first time, included important excerpted discussions from both volumes of *The German Ideology*, thereby presenting the positive expositions of Marx and Engels in a relatively concentrated manner. In 2009, the “Feuerbach” chapter of *The German Ideology* was included in Volume 1 of the *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, with its base text being the German edition of Volume 3 of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* (i.e., the *The German Ideology* volume) and the 1985 single-volume edition of the “Feuerbach” chapter published by Dietz Verlag in the GDR.

此后，国际学界由于新手稿的发现而掀起的“费尔巴哈”章编排热潮亦影响至国内。1988年，中共中央编译局以1971年民主德国狄茨出版社出版的“费尔巴哈”章单行本为底本，推出了中文新版“费尔巴哈”章。由于该德文版的编译底本正是以矫正MEGA1版为己任的巴加图利亚版，因此，中文新版“费尔巴哈”章既实现了“费尔巴哈”手稿的即时增补（特别是巴纳新发现的手稿），又克服了中文首版《德意志意识形态》所包含的源于MEGA1版的编排缺陷。不仅如此，中文新版“费尔巴哈”章还在附录中收录了恩格斯对费尔巴哈著作《未来哲学原理》所作的札记，而这一札记正是在《德意志意识形态》写作过程中诞生的，是其重要的组成部分。2003年，作为《马克思列宁主义文库》的重要构成，《德意志意识形态》（节选本）由人民出版社出版。该节选本在对“费尔巴哈”章译文重新校订的基础上，首次收录了《德意志意识形态》两卷次的重要论述摘编，从而使马克思恩格斯的正面阐述相对集中地呈现出来。2009年，《德意志意识形态》“费尔巴哈”章被收入《马克思恩格斯文集》第一卷，其编译底本为德文版《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷即《德意志意识形态》卷以及1985年民主德国狄茨出版社出版的“费尔巴哈”章单行本。

It can be seen that China’s nearly century-long work of compiling and publishing *The German Ideology* has advanced in close attention to international academic trends and in mutual stimulation and collision with international research. In particular, the repeated revisions of the “Feuerbach” chapter have not only ensured the accuracy and reliability of the translation but also ensured the continuous introduction and full absorption of new achievements in international research. Over the years, based on the classic text of *The German Ideology*, domestic academic circles have conducted comprehensive investigations into the great discovery of historical materialism contained within it, as well as related theories of nature, the state, ideology, world history, and communism. They have deeply explored its important contemporary value and practical significance, producing a large number of significant achievements. This has powerfully promoted the study of *The German Ideology* and even the study of Marxist classics, exerting an important influence on the disciplinary construction of Marxist theory in China.

可以看出，中国近百年的《德意志意识形态》编译出版工作是在密切关注国际学界动态，并与国际研究相互激荡、相互碰撞中不断前进的。特别是“费尔巴哈”章，其反复修订不仅保证了译文的精准可靠，也保证了国际研究新成果的不断引入与充分吸收。多年来，国内学界正是以《德意志意识形态》的经典文本为基础，对其中蕴含的唯物史观伟大发现，以及相关的自然观、国家观、意识形态理论、世界历史理论、共产主义理论等进行了全面的考察，对其重要的时代价值和现实意义予以深入开掘，形成了一大批重要成果，有力推动了《德意志意识形态》研究乃至马克思主义经典著作研究，对我国马克思主义理论学科建设产生了重要影响。

Future Prospects for the Study of *The German Ideology*

《德意志意识形态》研究的未来展望

Looking back, the study of *The German Ideology* in China has become increasingly closely integrated with research in the international academic community. Looking ahead, the study of *The German Ideology* in China must not only continue to keep pace with international standards but also highlight Chinese characteristics and demonstrate Chinese standards.

回首过去，中国《德意志意识形态》研究已经同国际学界的研究日益紧密地结合在一起。展望未来，中国《德意志意识形态》研究不仅要继续保持与国际接轨，更要凸显中国特色、彰显中国水平。

First, establish a new complete Chinese edition of *The German Ideology*. Although the first Chinese edition of Volume 3 of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* (i.e., the *The German Ideology* volume), published in 1960, served as China’s first complete edition of *The German Ideology*, with excellent translation quality and high standards, representing the culmination of the compilation achievements of a generation of academic predecessors, from the perspective of its base text and the era of its creation, this edition can no longer meet the research needs of current Chinese academic circles. Therefore, Chinese scholars eagerly await the publication of Volume 5 of the second Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* (i.e., the *The German Ideology* volume). Considering that the second Chinese edition of the *Complete Works of Marx and Engels* uses the MEGA² as its base text, examining the editorial method of the MEGA² edition and the rationale behind it becomes a prerequisite for establishing the new Chinese edition of *The German Ideology*. In fact, although the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology* is similar in overall arrangement to the MEGA¹ edition, it implicitly contains a judgment that *The German Ideology* was a journal, and it adopts an editorial method of listing each independent text. For example, regarding the “Feuerbach” chapter, although the MEGA² adopts a logical editorial method, it abruptly inserts Engels’ notes on Feuerbach’s works within it, fundamentally deconstructing the nature of the “Feuerbach” manuscript as a “chapter.” Therefore, we must conduct a comprehensive and scientific study and evaluation of the MEGA², which carries a subtle but strong deconstructive implication, in order to determine to what extent it can serve the compilation work of the new Chinese edition. In other words, while the new Chinese edition of *The German Ideology* can certainly rely on the MEGA² for its textual content, it must break out of the MEGA² framework in its textual arrangement and determine its own editorial method based on its own independent research and independent judgment. This will undoubtedly serve as a distinctive landmark achievement demonstrating the quality and standard of Chinese Marxist research to the international academic community.

首先，确立中文新版《德意志意识形态》完整版。尽管1960年出版的中文第一版《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷即《德意志意识形态》卷作为我国首部《德意志意识形态》完整版，译介质量精良，水平上乘，且集一代学术前辈编译成果之大成，但是从编译底本以及诞生年代来讲，该版已然难以满足目前中国学界的研究需要。因此，中国学人迫切期待中文第二版《马克思恩格斯全集》第5卷即《德意志意识形态》卷的问世。考虑到中文第二版《马克思恩格斯全集》是以MEGA2为编译底本的，因此，考察MEGA2版的编排方式及其背后依据就成为中文新版《德意志意识形态》确立的前提条件。事实上，MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》尽管在总体编排上同MEGA1版类似，但其背后实际上隐含着关于《德意志意识形态》为季刊的判定，并且是按照各份独立文本进行罗列的编排方式。例如，就“费尔巴哈”章来说，MEGA2尽管采取了逻辑编排方式，但是它在其中突兀地插入了恩格斯对费尔巴哈著作所作的札记，从根本上解构了“费尔巴哈”手稿之为“章”的性质。因此，我们必须对解构意味含蓄但强烈的MEGA2进行全面、科学的研究和评估，从而确定它在何种程度上能够服务于中文新版的编译工作。换言之，中文新版《德意志意识形态》固然可以在文本内容上以MEGA2为依据，但是在文本编排上必须跳出MEGA2的框架，依据自己的独立研究和独立判断来确定自己的编排方式。而这必将作为一项独具特色的标识性成果向国际学界彰显中国马克思主义研究的质量与水准。

Secondly, carry out international research dialogues on *The German Ideology*. Although international research on *The German Ideology* has spanned over a century, at present the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology* undoubtedly constitutes the main context for international discussions on *The German Ideology*. Here, whether it is the arrangement of *The German Ideology* or the “Feuerbach” chapter, or the birth process of *The German Ideology* originating from a quarterly journal and finally becoming a “two-volume publication”; whether it is the creative sequence in which the “Feuerbach” chapter was produced through the mediation of the “Saint Max” chapter, or the so-called “Stirner shock” [6]6 “Stirner shock” refers to the impact of Max Stirner’s book *The Ego and Its Own* (1844) on Marx and Engels, which some scholars argue prompted them to critically engage with and develop their materialist conception of history in *The German Ideology*. and its role and influence on Marx and Engels’ creation of the materialist conception of history, these issues to a large extent constitute the current themes and focal points of research on *The German Ideology*. Regarding these issues, Chinese scholars clearly cannot merely follow behind the MEGA² editors and speak; rather, they must lead the discussion on the basis of deliberation and debate with the MEGA² editors. Not to mention that in recent years, Chinese academic circles have already conducted in-depth research on the differentiation between the so-called “quarterly journal theory” and “work theory” of *The German Ideology*, thereby rehabilitating the “work theory.” [7]7 The “quarterly journal theory” holds that *The German Ideology* was originally planned as a series of articles for a quarterly journal, while the “work theory” argues it was conceived as a complete book; Chinese scholars have defended the latter view. Taking solely the “Stirner issue” in *The German Ideology*, can we, based on the fact that the “Saint Max” chapter was written before the “Feuerbach” chapter and that part of the manuscript of the “Feuerbach” chapter was extracted from the “Saint Max” chapter, conclude that Stirner had a major influence on Marx, and further emphasize the great significance of the Stirner shock for the creation of the materialist conception of history? This is highly debatable. Furthermore, the intellectual relationships between Marx and Engels and figures such as Bauer, Feuerbach, Hess, and others involved in *The German Ideology*, as well as their intellectual relationship with the true socialists represented by Grün, all need to be thoroughly examined in a new historical context and based on new documentary materials. Chinese scholars can also, by combining the history of the development of Marx and Engels’ thought with the textual and theoretical analysis of important categories, viewpoints, and theories in *The German Ideology*, especially the “Saint Max” chapter and the “Feuerbach” chapter, arrive at independent views and insights different from those of the MEGA² editors. In this regard, the MEGA² edition of *The German Ideology* has opened up an extremely broad field of research, and Chinese scholars will certainly deepen the study of *The German Ideology* through in-depth reflection on and active response to these issues.

其次，开展《德意志意识形态》国际研讨对话。尽管国际《德意志意识形态》研究已逾百年，但是就当下而言，MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》无疑构成了国际《德意志意识形态》研讨的主要语境。这里，不论是《德意志意识形态》或“费尔巴哈”章的编排方式，还是《德意志意识形态》源于季刊、终于“两卷本出版物”的诞生历程，不论是以“圣麦克斯”章为中介产生“费尔巴哈”章的创作次序，还是所谓“施蒂纳冲击”对马克思恩格斯创立唯物史观的作用和影响等，都在很大程度上构成了目前《德意志意识形态》研究的主题与焦点。对于这些问题，中国学人显然不能只是在MEGA2编者后面跟着说，而是要在与MEGA2编者讨论商榷的基础上领着说。且不说近年来我国学界对所谓的《德意志意识形态》“季刊说”与“著作说”的辨析已有深入研究，从而为“著作说”加以正名，单就《德意志意识形态》中的“施蒂纳问题”而言，我们是否可以基于“圣麦克斯”章先于“费尔巴哈”章写作、“费尔巴哈”章部分手稿抽取自“圣麦克斯”章，就可以得出施蒂纳之于马克思的重大影响，进而强调施蒂纳冲击之于唯物史观创立的重大意义，这是非常值得商榷的。进一步讲，《德意志意识形态》所涉及的马克思恩格斯与鲍威尔、费尔巴哈、赫斯等人的思想关系，与格律恩所代表的真正的社会主义者的思想关系等，都有必要在新的历史语境下，依据新的文献资料进行深入考察。而中国学人也完全可以结合马克思恩格斯的思想发展史，结合对《德意志意识形态》特别是“圣麦克斯”章和“费尔巴哈”章的重要范畴、观点、理论的考证分析，得出有别于MEGA2编者的独立观点和见解。就此而言，MEGA2版《德意志意识形态》开辟了极为开阔的研究论域，而中国学人必定能够在对这些问题的深入反思与积极回应中深化《德意志意识形态》研究。

In summary, *The German Ideology*, as a classic Marxist work, will remain an extremely important academic growth point in future Marxist research. We must continue to strengthen research on the documents, texts, theories, and contemporary value of *The German Ideology*, and make greater academic contributions to the study of Marxist philosophy worldwide.

总之，《德意志意识形态》作为一部经典的马克思主义著作，在未来的马克思主义研究中仍然是极为重要的学术生长点。我们要继续加强对《德意志意识形态》的文献、文本、理论和当代价值研究，为世界马克思主义哲学研究作出更多的学术贡献。

(Author: Zhao Yulan, Researcher at the Collaborative Innovation Center for 21st-Century Chinese Marxist Studies and Professor at the School of Marxism, Renmin University of China)

（作者：赵玉兰，系中国人民大学21世纪中国马克思主义研究协同创新中心研究员、马克思主义学院教授）